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FEDERICO PACINI. ONE’S OWN FEELING

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BY ELIO GRAZIOLI

The first image of a book of photography is almost a declaration. The poetic entry in the double meaning of the term, that is of one’s own personal aesthetic and lyrical tone, demands to face with which the images that follow are to be faced.

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The shade is important, because the very contents represented in the image can take on a completely different meaning, and as a consequence the personal aesthetics can be misunderstood. So here, it seems to us that the shade is indicated by the first picture of calmness and participation, is not about detachment and reflective visual intelligence, not irony. An image within the image, a photo within the photo are not exhibited here to show an assertive metalinguistic consciousness - I know what I do, and point out how you have to understand and see it - as a multiplication of plans, levels, an invitation to not stop at the very first impression, at the first thought, not to go deep in the analysis- it would be presumptuous and once again normative- but to consider it all together, all as the same image, as it is precisely of the image, which preserves everything it focuses on.

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© Federico Pacini

Therefore, a photograph of Siena hanging on a wall in Siena, with reflections of Siena above it, in which several shades of bluish dominates and conveys a feeling of dreamy suspension. We will find several others throughout the book, a red thread, at least for us, or a punctuation of references: the place, the atmosphere, the intention, the photograph itself. Federico Pacini’s idea is appreciated. He does not miss a shot when he sees an image of or a reference to Siena beyond a glass, in a house,anywhere, we would think of. Nowadays, the idea of the place, of lived space, the attachment to one’s own territory on one side and the imaginary on the other is a very important and relevant topic. Pacini, considering both sides of this idea, avoids the “provinciality” of most photography, and literature, with Italian background, without vignettist lingering or nostalgic indulgences.

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The second photograph of the book is the other key: the accumulation. It is of course the essence of the book itself, and the activity of the photographer, but also, again, an indication of how things fit together according to our author. Here it is mainly an accumulation of statues and garden fountains in a corner, in some ways a bit pathetic, but creator of strange indefinable beauty. A vision of the world - as Susan Sontag has already explained - and an image of Italy, made of incongruous combinations, stratified times, of unexplained styles and details, which keep together and make up an enigmatic “metaphysic” unity .

The whole of Pacini’s book is to be appreciated like this: different scattered thematic strands and rhythmic in the celebrations and in the joints, where the matching between subsequent images enriches every single one and interweaves the subjects. Let’s take the image within the images, no more about Siena but of any kind: some show the contrasts - the Pope with Playboy, religion with advertising, the modern with the antique, the Chinese with the Tuscan – others open different worlds, above all the “collections”. Can you call them it this way, either are garden dwarfs, or photos, or paintings in either homes and public places, maybe in the background of a portrait or reflected in a mirror.

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© Federico Pacini

The collections are variations on the theme of the accumulation, of course, as well as exhibitors, magazines, postcards, souvenirs, soft drinks, or the windows with headless mannequins and with “sales” so dated that even the written words are not intact anymore. Here for the first time the lightning of the flash appears, very strong and central: is it there to call the photographer, he also headless as well; is the pineal eye that replaces a calculating mind? The flash occurs quite often and it is the center of the image that looks like the flash of a gunshot, according to the famous equation of shot-gun and shot-shot, a vision that hits the target.

In these photographs there are many places of exposure, may they be abandoned stages or partially collapsed bus shelters, prepared or occasional spaces for advertising,- as the sensational curtains that say “Dio è amore” - and in fact many words and phrases recorded by photographic tool, also even this, it is a genre in the book. Some of them are fairly “metalinguistic” ones, they refer to the photography itself. But which ones? Because some are, all of them must be even indirectly.

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© Federico Pacini

Let’s take the one with two people who are hugging each other under the road sign with the name “Braccio” on : an interesting variant of the lodging photograph in the photo, below a spherical lamp that variates the theme of light, reflections, flash and other, the image acquires pathos precisely because it is a personal, private, from a family album photo. This photo within the photo of the hug isn’t it a suggestive vision of the metalanguage itself?

© Federico Pacini

Let’s take “Purtroppo ti amo” that covers other political content written on a battered bus shelter: it is the double paradox of any love and at the same time of each photograph, and the love declaration of the photographer himself. At one point through the book, such as off-context, we meet images that seem to be different from the others, unexpected, at least some, which get you feel the drama in the unsuspected others. They are those that involve human presence, some are real portraits, others are stolen at the very moment. The most dramatic are introduced by two very allusive photographs: the first one reproduces the shape of a knife and two times the word “Lame” , threatening, and the second one, the graffiti “Odio” .Then, there are two enigmatic portraits separated by two pictures of empty rooms, the first one is about loneliness and the second one is about waiting, the two portraits express these feelings in an unsweetened way: a lonely old man crouched and scared and a seated bewildered young man, cut into two parts by a railing, a sort of “split self.“

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© Federico Pacini

These images remind us not to overlook or underestimate the task that Pacini relies on his “recherche”, which is also to show less frequented or marginalized sides. Not only are they the disease or solitude, but they are also others scattered "pathetic "component of all his images. The group of portraits reminds us that the sense of community and belonging - again, all – that transmit to us is to redeem the negative side. Thus the province, instead of closing the claim in particular, transmits a sense of universality.

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© Federico Pacini

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Perhaps, this is the enigmatic meaning of the last image of the book. There you can see one of those cribs made of cut out shapes, in this case the shapes are white, especially ghostly, set in an unattractive landscape. Again there is a laughing sense in what is represented, but at the same time the theme is that of birth, of a new beginning, a nativity that is universally a symbol of redemption, either you believe or not. It is Pacini’s hope, his confidence in the task of these photographs, more we specify, if so calibrated and discrete in their message, not noisy nor rhetorical, almost silent indeed, a silence, it is useful to reiterate that he knows how to make his way into minds.

Thanks to Federico Pacini for submitting his book ‘Purtroppo ti amo’ to urbanautica.

© Federico Pacini | urbanautica Italy


MICHAEL ZUHORSKI. NATURAL OCCURRENCE AND CONSTRUCTION

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BY DIETER DEBRUYNE

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1. Tell us about your approach to photography. How it all started? What are your memories of your first shots?

Thanks for having me. My interest in photography started when I was given a small point-and-shoot camera at about twelve years old. I took photography seriously virtually right from the beginning. Bike rides became habitual for me in every season so that I could go out and shoot. It was so easy for me to delve into taking photos; it was a suitable medium for me to express my relationship with my environment. I think it still functions for me in much the same way.

2. How did your research evolve with respect to those early days?

Before I was working on my BFA I spent a lot of time online looking at photographs on photo sharing sites. Currently I frequent a few online contemporary photography publications. Although I find more inspiration in sitting down and thoroughly reading photobooks than in scanning for things online. But in the truest sense if I want inspiration I will take a walk.  

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3. What do you think about photography in the era of digital and social networking?

Due to how increasingly ubiquitous photography is in social media, its role as a form of vernacular communication becomes ever more amplified. A photograph contains many critical implications, especially when considered as a form of language. When this language is analyzed en masse, previously unnoticed patterns of communication often emerge. I find this endlessly fascinating in the context of its increasing saturation within contemporary culture.  

4. About your work now, how would you describe your personal research in general?

I value times of quiet where I can simply be involved with my surroundings. In these moments my thoughts resonate more clearly; and the ideas that end up composing my work are often gathered and realized.

5. Do you have any preferences in terms of cameras and format?

I don’t have any strong convictions or preferences, but shooting digitally is for the most part more comfortable for me considering that I developed as a photographer using a digital camera.

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6. Tell us about your latest project, ‘Natural Occurrence and Construction’.

‘Natural Occurrence and Construction’ is the culmination of ideas and concerns that I have been thinking about for a while. The work was made in the Northern Great Lakes and James Bay regions of the United States and Canada. Making the work ended up being a way for me to contemplate my relationship with the natural environment. I did this through photographing humanity’s presence in the least developed areas of the region where I am from. Most of the subjects of these photographs are seemingly innocuous structures, often in protected natural areas. I chose to photograph these things so as to not declare the depicted relationships between humanity and the land in an overtly positive or negative tone. Therefore, preserving the contemplative air of the work.  

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7. Is there any contemporary artist or photographer, even if young and emerging, who influenced you in some way?

Richard Misrach, Roni Horn, Jem Southam and Alec Soth are some that immediately come to mind. The varying ways in which all of their work addresses a sense of space or place have all influenced me differently. Paul Gaffney’s recent work We Make the Path by Walking has affected me a lot as well.

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8.  Three books of photography that you recommend?

Stephen Shore’s ‘Uncommon Places’, Bryan Schutmaat’s ‘Grays The Mountian Sends’, and Alec Soth’s ‘Broken Manual’.

9. Is there any show you’ve seen recently that you find inspiring?

An excellent show I saw untitled ‘Sitter’ at the Columbus College of Art and Design opened earlier this year. The conventions of portraiture was the over arching theme. There was also a show that just ended at the University of Michigan Museum of Art called ‘He’ about male identity in Western society.

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10. Projects that you are working on now and plans for the future?

Currently I am working on a series called ‘Limbs’. It has been a way for me to express a sort of poetic relationship between urban areas, particularly the suburbs, and the trees existing in them.

11. How do you see the future of photography in general evolving?

Photography has always been a medium used for its ease of use for the communication of all sorts of ideas. I think in its technological progression, photography is coming closer to being a medium in which ideas can be brought to fruition continually less material restrictions on their expression.

© Michael Zuhorski | urbanautica USA

CAROLINA MAGANO PRADO. FAUNA IS READY!

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BY LUCIANA BENADUCE

The Fauna gallery specialized in contemporary photography, founded in 2010 by Carolina Magano Prado is ready! The new address of the gallery is close to museums and institutions MAM, MAC, Oca, Fundação Bienal, Cinemateca Brasileira and Instituto de Arte Contemporânea da Universidade de Belas Artes in Tangara street, Vila Mariana in São Paulo.

The gallery intends to expand its activities with the educational core ‘F +’ to enhance reflection and study by art research groups, workshops programs and debates with the public. The expectation is to create dialogue with collectors, artists, researchers, students, critics and new partners in order to foster the growing artistic production and contribute to the effervescence of the art market. Another novelty is the opening of an online shop with art works, books, design objects and a lot of photography! Next June 18th opens the first exhibition in the new headquarters, an individual of Alice Quaresma “Além” (Beyond) curated by Mario Gioia.

1. Let’s start from the idea to open a gallery specialized in photography. Why?

The idea of a specialization in contemporary photography came
after the realization of the first two exhibitions that we did in the gallery which coincidentally presented two photographic works by Alexander Sequeira and Rodolfo Vanni.
Two other episodes also contributed: the post of a photographer saying something like: “Beautiful exhibition in a new photo gallery in São Paulo”. And a well-known curator who had just arrived from London who told us: “Why not think of a gallery specialized in photography? There are not yet in São Paulo.
Besides these important feedbacks, we add the fact of our "familiarity” with photography, we were not entering the art Market in an intuitive way.

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© Carolina Magano Prado from family album

2. You are the daughter of the photographer Armando Prado, one of the organizers of the coletivo SX70 who were interested in Polaroid. How he influenced you? Tell us about your experience with this movement.

No doubt Armando is my main source of knowledge and experiences with photography. I grew up watching him with a camera in hand. Polaroid was something magical and playful for us children. Also we grew up watching projection sessions in the house wall.
I followed the “coletivo” from the beginning, I think it was an incredible and unique project, a pity it is no longer active.
I relived some of the SX70 experience with the exhibition ‘Coisas como elas são’  (Things as they are). A solo show on Armando’s work held at Fauna in May 2013. The show was composed of 12 inkjet prints (size 110 x 110 cm) from the original Polaroids that were scanned in high definition with a cylindrical scanner and had no manipulation, respecting the typical hue of the array.

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© Carolina Magano Prado from family album

3. What were your first photographic memories?

My earliest memories are in the studio of my father had in Rua General Jardim, in downtown São Paulo. I was thrilled with the comings and goings of all those beautiful models! Besides these experiences in the studio I have many photographic memories of travels and family celebrations. We were always being photographed.

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© Carolina Magano Prado from family album

4. What are the biggest challenges of having a gallery and organize exhibitions?

There are so many challenges… The first is to have a good media coverage, then bring the audience on opening and maintaining a good flow of visits during the exhibition and finally sell!
If the show meets these three conditions it will be a success and both the artist and the gallery owner will be happy!

5. Can you tell us more about the curatorial process?

We are always looking for the prizes, awards and nominations. Usually we reach out the artists who interest us. It also can happens an indication from someone we trust.

6. I find the name of the gallery fantastic. Why Fauna?

This name was given by the talented graphic artist, photographer, art director and filmmaker Ricardo van Steen. I also like it because it reflects diversity, besides being young and fun.

7. Which exhibition organized by Fauna impressed you most?

The exhibition ‘Rastro visto de coisa só ouvida’ by the artist Sheila Oliveira and curated by Eder Chiodetto was a great achievement for us. It was a very well curated exhibition, in all its aspects. We were able to show to the visitors the idea of photography as a means of expression by exploring the possibilities of support. Sheila has a very interesting creative process, she conceives an idea and performs all steps of the process with her own hands, she produces the scene, she builds the objects, she makes handmade paper. A very rich process, and this was all very well explored.

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Installation view Fauna Gallery

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Installation view Fauna Gallery

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Installation view Fauna Gallery

8. Currently there is a growing number of art fairs and photography in Brazil. Fauna has participated in some of them. Tell us about it?

In five years Fauna participated in fairs four times. In a few days you can reach many people and visibility, but not everything translates into sales. Still I think sales happen as long as you increase your experience by participating in fairs.

9. Do you believe that this is a new trend of the market and that the galleries and institutions face a new paradigm?

I believe that the public in general want to better understand the art market, gaining familiarity. A fair is an opportunity to have an overview of what is being produced in the art world.
I’m still young in the market and I am learning how it works; we learn by living because there is no faculty that teaches how to become an art dealer.

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© Alice Quaresma

10. In your experience you feel that photography is well accepted by the market, both in terms of language and sales?

The photography in Brazil is gradually entering the arts but is not yet understood, it is a simple and complex media at the same time! Compared with the United States or Europe, our market is still in its infancy, on the other hand we have much to do and this motivates me!

11. Fauna is ready for a new space in São Paulo near the Ibirapuera area. The gallery is expanding its activities. Could you tell us a little about the educational core ‘F +’ and the online shop store?

We are excited about the move to Vila Mariana, we will be part of an interesting circuit of arts, near the amazing MAC-USP Museum, the beautiful Cinemateca (Cinematheque), close to the Universidade de Belas Artes (University of Fine Arts) and its new Instituto de Arte Contemporânea (Institute of Contemporary Art)..
The ‘F +’ was born in 2013 and had an intense program in 2014, providing free lectures and very specific courses which resulted in new attendance in the gallery. Always wanted to explore bolder proposals for a public already started in the arts, which in turn is our audience. The courses are always long-term, which allows for experiences and an interesting exchange with the class.
We want to launch this next semester our online shop with artist boxes, prints, books and other objects.

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© Alice Quaresma

12. With these new activities do you believe Fauna will expand its dialogue with the public and will play a new role?

I believe we will expand our audience and consolidate the work of the gallery. We want to gain strength and hoist our flag!

13. What do you think of photography in the digital and social media?

Today photography is part of people’s lives and that’s pretty cool. The instagram can be your album life or your portfolio, it’s fun!

© Fauna | urbanautica Brazil

METAMORPHOSIS. POSSIBILITIES FOR EVOLUTION

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Flowers Gallery
20.05.2015 - 27.06.2015

© Hannah Whitaker, Arctic Landscape (Trees), 2014

Defined as a process of transformation, Metamorphosis presents the work of three artists who explore the possibilities for evolution within the photographic medium. 

Images are interfered with, fragmented, punctured, spliced and sewn - undergoing a compositional and physical change. The exhibition looks at their varied and expansive processes, from the ‘in-camera’ light based and systematic interventions of Hannah Whitaker, to the hybrid collage works of Ruth van Beek, and the embroidered and embellished found photography of Julie Cockburn. The artists are linked by their manipulative artistic strategies, their material experimentation, and by the sense of alchemic exploration that occurs in their photographs.

Hannah Whitaker employs a system of masking in her photographic works that interrupts the mechanical process of exposure. Whitaker’s images are subjected to a process of layering moments in time and space - shooting through hand cut paper screens inserted into the camera, and with multiple exposures. Set within the physical parameters of her 4x5 negatives, Whitaker constructs closed repetitious systems and geometric grids. The screens divide
the space of the photograph into distinct pictoria frameworks - representation and abstraction, flatness and dimensionality, patterning and chance. These overlapping visual languages allow the photographs to operate within systems external to them, whether mathematical, musical, digital, or linguistic, granting the photographs agency beyond their status as formal configurations. 

© Ruth van Beek, Untitled from The Arrangement, 2012 and New Arrangements, 2014, Courtesy of Flowers Gallery, London & Ravestijn Gallery, Amsterdam

Ruth van Beek assembles photographic arrangements from her archive of found material, such as snapshots, old books and newspaper cuttings. Within the archive, images are constantly reordered and decontextualised, giving life to unexpected new combinations. Her tactile two-dimensional works reveal the intimate history of their construction, with visible cuts and folds, and a shifting awareness of scale and texture.

Employing the illusory motifs found in studio photography, such as plain backdrops, pedestals and shadows, van Beek’s collages suggest the fusing of hidden realities beyond the façade of the photographic plane. Resembling mysterious archaeological discoveries or rare hybrid organisms, van Beek’s creations take on credible new forms, with a life of their own. 

Reassembling, stitching into and over-painting studio portraits from the 1940’s and 1950’s, Julie Cockburn transforms the heads and shoulders of the sitters. Concealing certain elements of the original, Cockburn’s vivid woven embellishments reveal new imaginative possibilities, generating what has been described as a “counter-image” (Jonathan P Watts).

© Installation view

© Julie Cockburn, Veneer, 2015 

Using a cut and splice technique, Cockburn’s fragmentation of the image is a powerful play on the illusion of representational space. She re-orders the composition of the photograph, without adding to or removing any of the original. Despite the precise nature of her interventions, her response is imaginative and internal, as Cockburn says: “making tangible the emotions that are invoked in me by the people or places in the found images.”

ARTIST’S BIOS
Hannah Whitaker is a New York based artist and photographer. She received her BA from Yale University and her MFA from the International Center of Photography/Bard College. Whitaker is a contributing editor for Triple Canopy, she has co-curated The Crystal Chain, a group exhibition at Invisible Exports, and co-edited Issue 45 of Blind Spot. She has shown her work at Thierry Goldberg Gallery and Casey Kaplan, New York; Pepin Moore, Los Angeles; and internationally.

Ruth van Beek lives and works in Koog aan de Zaan, The Netherlands. She graduated in 2002 from Gerrit Rietveld Academie in Amsterdam following a Masters Degree in photography. Her work has been presented in several solo and group exhibitions in Amsterdam; Antwerp; Berlin; Austin; New York; and Beijing. In 2013, she was selected as one of British Journal of Photography’s 20 photographers to watch. In 2011 she published her first book The Hibernators at RVB books in Paris, followed by her second publication The Arrangement in 2013.

Julie Cockburn lives and works in London, UK. She studied at Chelsea College of Art and Central St Martins College of Art and Design and has exhibited extensively in the UK, Europe and the United States, including the Arnhem Museum, Arnhem, NL; and BALTIC 39, Newcastle. She was the recipient of the Selectors’ Prize for the Salon Art Prize 2010. Her work has also been selected for the Jerwood Drawing Prize in both 2007 and 2010 and the John Moores Painting Prize 2012. Her work is included in the collections of Yale Center for British Art; The Wellcome Collection; British Land; Caldic Collection; Pier 24; and Goss-Michael Foundation; as well as numerous private collections.

© Flowers Gallery | Photo Exhibitions UK

KATLIJN BLANCHAERT. UNDRESS

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BY DIETER DEBRUYNE

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1. Tell us about your approach to photography. How it all started? What are your memories of your first shots?

I don’t remember taking photos when I was small. It all started about ten years ago, when I began to take concert photos. But my equipment wasn’t good enough for those darkly lit situations and also, I discovered that I was more interested in what happened before and after a concert, backstage.

2. Tell us about your educational path at Academie voor Beeldende Kunsten in Ghent. What are your best memories of your studies? What was your relationship with photography at that time?

It took me ten years to start studying photography, because I knew once I started there was no way back. I started seven years ago in a weekly course and continued for 2 years but it was too informal. My teacher Lisa Van Damme told me to go to the Academie voor Beeldende Kunsten in Ghent, where I’m completing the last year at the moment. 

Every year I get more passionate about photography. The more I learn about it, the more excited I get about it. And like Diane Arbus said “My favourite thing is to go where I’ve never been”. Photography allows me to do that.

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3. What were the courses that you were passionate about and which have
remained meaningful for you?

I did 3 workshops in the last 4 years. It’s quite expensive but it allows you to work intensively  with an international top photographer and other passionate photographers for a week. I learned a lot in those workshops.
2012 with Jocelyn Bain-Hogg (4 days) in Berlin
2014 with Michael Ackerman (7 days) in St Petersburg
2015 with Antoine D’Agata (6 days) in Arles

4. What do you think about photography in the era of digital and social networking?

It’s easier to see what other photographers are doing, but for me there’s no reduction in value. Good photography stands out.

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5. About your work now. How would you describe your personal research in general?

For me, it always starts with curiosity. I’m very curious about what happens behind closed doors and in people’s heads. I like observing people in their intimate environments.

6. Do you have any preferences in terms of cameras and format?

Gert Jochems, my mentor, advised me 2 years ago to start working in analogue and since then I ’haven’t liked my digital camera. For me, working with an analogue camera is so much more honest. It also allows me ,significantly, to forget about the techniques that I don’t want to think about when I’m taking photos. I just want to be in the moment with the people I’m photographing. Most of the times I use a Pentax Asahi K1000, and I also like taking portraits with my Polaroid.

7. Tell us about your latest project UNDRESS.

UNDRESS is the project I worked on for the last 8 months. It took me to sex clubs and SM bars. Again, places where I’ve never been and that I was curious about. The photos are dark and blurry, I tried not to be too explicit. It’s about the dark side of people and how they deal with that. Every encounter took me deeper into the darkness. Most of the time I was an observer, standing quietly on the sidelines and on some occasions I participated.

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8. Is there any contemporary artist or photographer, even if young and
emerging, that influenced you in some way? 

Gert Jochems, being my mentor for the last two years. The knowledge he gave me is priceless. The first time we met he talked for 5 hours, that changed my vision for a big part; and I started loving photo books.

Michael Ackerman taught me that my photos of my project  last year stopped at the visible/ physical part of the body; the people were nude, but not naked. He made me think about going further, beyond safety. It had to be more complex, like life is.

Antoine D’Agata told me to take a step back and think about my position as a photographer. For him it’s important to think about how photography is used in your life. He uses photography to survive and deal with the world. He told us to make our own rules to make it exciting. Not too obvious, not too easy, but taking risks and being courageous.

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9. Three books of photography that you recommend?

Kohei Yoshiyuki – The Park 2007
Nobuyoshi Araki – Diary Sentimental Journey 1991
Antoine D’Agata – Anticorps 2013
And a bonus:
Sergei Bykov – After us 2012

I met him in St.Petersburg, during the workshop of Michael Ackerman. He did a workshop with Michael in 2003 and they stayed in touch. He came to say hello and showed us his book, in which a lot of pictures were taken in Gent.

10. Is there any show you’ve seen recently that you find inspiring?

Robert Mapplethorpe in Paris last year moved me very much.

11. Projects that you are working on now and plans for the future?

I will keep exploring the darkness of people. I’m very curious where it will take me…

© Katlijn Blanchaert | urbanautica Belgium

TSE MING CHONG. METAPHORICAL COMMENTARIES

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BY SHEUNG YIU

© Tse Ming Chong by Sheung Yiu

‘Photography is an “ancient” medium,’ said Tse Ming Chong, a photojournalist, artist and experienced visual educators in Hong Kong. In our one-hour conversation, the image maker repeatedly pointed out that the singular perspective of photography goes against human instinctual curiosity. Modern audience is no longer satisfied with truth told through one photograph.

Tse’s works are visual metaphors of the relationship among space, representation and reality. In Hong Kong 94, He put negatives on a glass window and let ambient light dictates their appearance. He presented architectural photographs of Central Plaza in Central Plaza. In his more recent work, ‘The Road’, he photographed empty roads from both sides of footbridges during the Umbrella Movement and presenting them in groups of diptychs. According to the artist, the extra viewpoints symbolically give audience a more ‘complete picture’.

In his latest portfolio book ‘chrono’ (記述), launched in May, Tse attempted to include his thoughts on photography and a 25-year documentary of Hong Kong, from 1989’s colonial Hong Kong to 2014’s post-handover Hong Kong. Tse always search for meanings in the most banal daily scenes. ‘Horse Race Will Continue in Hong Kong’, a photo series shot at the time of handover, reflected social and cultural transition through portraying gambling activities at Jockey Club Horse Race Betting Branches across Hong Kong. His documentary photography, much like his image-based installation, is an allegory with an underlying social and political subtext.

To the big question: ‘Is Hong Kong photography behind its time?’. The seasoned photographer replied ‘The city has not transitioned to Postmodernism.’

© Tse Ming Chong, Hong Kong ’94 – Central Plaza, 1995. Colour transparency. Exhibited at Central Plaza, Hong Kong, 1995.

© Hong Kong ’94 – Central Plaza, 1995. Colour transparency 

1. What do you think about photo manipulation? To my knowledge, there are two main intentions when it comes to postproduction. Some use it to enhance the visuality of photographs, others use it as framing device for metaphysical concepts. Hong Kong photographers, amateur or not, are particularly obsessed with the visual aspects of photographs. Do you think pictorialism dominate the photographic mentality in Hong Kong?

I agree some photographers manipulate their photos to achieve a certain standard of beauty, but this mentality goes way beyond photography, it stems from the elemental value orientation in Hong Kong. In the past 30 years, photographers has explored a wide range of photography, from salon to documentary to pure conceptual. But the majority of audience and hobbyist photographers are still stuck on a singular standard of beauty. I would even go as far to say Hong Kong have not entered postmodernity. We still believe in authority, We continue to follow a herd mentality when it comes to art. Postmodernity celebrates diversity, but Hong Kong still holds on to a sole aesthetic standards and sensibilities for art and design. It is a problem of taste and visual education. 

This is especially true for Photography because the medium is so visually impactful, it is easy to internalize and reproduce a photograph. In a society where the majority lack a basic understanding of the medium and an ‘immune system’ to commercial images, consumerism dictates the standard of beauty. And with the internet disseminating and replicating the same type of image over and over at an exponential rate, the society is more prone to the homogenization of aesthetics. Unfortunately, most people are oblivious of what is happening. When an image goes viral, people copy. Eventually, society recreates a so-called objective beauty. Compared to the wide range of photography in the international scene, Hong Kong has a much more limited scope.

© Tse Ming Chong, Tiananmen, 1989

2. Is there any Hong Kong post-modernist photographer?

If we look at Hong Kong from the international scope of postmodernism, I would say there is none. Postmodernism is about open interpretation. it celebrates endless possibilities, different approaches and techniques. From my experience, the majority of discourses among Hong Kong photographers still lies within the imagery itself. It is rather obsolete compared to the contemporary discussions surrounding the medium.

Out of all local photographers, I think Ng Sai Kit work is interesting, especially his latest show in Osage Gallery ‘Meta-landscape’. He challenged the way of seeing, the limitation of the medium, the concept of reality and illusion, distance and proximity. His work is perplexing, yet thought-provoking.

3. What do you think about the lack of photography audience in Hong Kong?

Drawing from the 8-year experience of running Lumenvisum (one of the few existing gallery specializes in photographic medium in Hong Kong), I would say the audience is slowly growing. In the past seven years, we tried to advocate a contemporary interpretation of photography. Slowly but surely, we are seeing changes.

4. Being a visual art educator for years, what did you learn about photography student in Hong Kong?

Most students came to art school with almost no knowledge of the medium whatsoever. After 12 years of spoon-fed primary and secondary education,  I would consider it an accomplishment if the students are able to garner an appreciation of photography after a mere two years of formal art education. Children in other countries grow in a much more nurturing environment which integrates art into student’s life. Hong Kong, on the other hand, emphasizes on a superficial understanding of art, advocating a formal ‘art training’ or an ‘artful lifestyle’. Visual education in public schools mainly covers famous painters and paintings, very vague and superficial. But I am still hopeful. As increasing number of Hong Kongers learn more about the medium, a demand for quality photography will eventually appear.

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© Tse Ming Chong, ‘Generation - His/Her Story’, 1996

5. Tell us more about your acclaimed photo series ‘Horse Race Will Continue in Hong Kong’.

‘Horse Race Will Continue in Hong Kong’ is the first project that I started with a photographer’s intention. I got the idea of photographing a unique scene of Hong Kong that illustrates the relationship between gambling and society in the midst of drastic political transition - the *handover (*the transfer of sovereignty over Hong Kong from the United Kingdom to the People’s Republic of China). After some intensive research, I chose to photograph Horse Race Betting Branches. I spent a year, shooting all 125 of them. Whenever it is horse racing day, I will go to one branch and photograph the scenes inside and around the betting branches. 

The project attempted to answer the question: Why do human gamble? To me, the betting branch is an urban temple, a church, a symbol of hope and a site for social gathering. Horse gambling, in a way, epitomises Hong Kong culture. People bet and people go. The city is unforgivingly bustling and efficient.
(Did you observe any change before and after the handover?) Not at all. Perhaps it all comes down to an idea I read from a book suggesting that horse racing is a British mean of soft governance. The subcultural activity gives people false hopes of social mobility and deters grassroot citizens from political participation. Another interesting point is, Half of the revenue of Jockey Club, the biggest charity in Hong Kong, comes from betting, which is to say most charitable organization are funded with money from grassroot citizens, instead of the privileged and the wealthy. This is in fact an intriguing topic that is worthy of a more in-depth investigation.

© Tse Ming Chong, Ma Zhao Pao (Horse racing will continue in Hong Kong) – Korea, 1997. Exhibited at the “Members of Young Photographers ’97 Exhibition’ Taegu Arts and Culture Centre, Korea, 1997

It is interesting to look at ‘Horse’ under today’s context. ‘Horse’ shows gamblers distracted from structural social problems, but last year’s Umbrella Movement exemplified a political awakening of the younger generation who would stand up for their believes. That is why last year was a historical moment for Hong Kong. To say it is an awakening would be an overstatement, yet for the first time, youth in Hong Kong cares about social progress and politics.

© Tse Ming Chong, Ma Zhao Pao (Horse racing will continue in Hong Kong) – Arts Centre, 1999. Photo installation size unknown. Exhibited at the Hong Kong Arts Centre, 1999.

6. Your scheduled solo photo exhibition ‘The Road’ was called off at the last moment. What happened?

It is simple. The gallery pulled out. I am very disappointed. I have been communicating with the gallery. They know that I am showing a series of diptychs of empty road taken during the Umbrella Movement and they were fine. I was planning to launch my portfolio book ‘chrono’ in my solo show. When I started promoting the exhibition on Facebook however, they broke their promises. It is a pity that my exhibition was cancelled but what infuriates me is the growing prevalence of self-censorship in Hong Kong. In my mind, Hong Kong is a city where citizens can still enjoy freedom of speech. Frankly, the series of photos is not particularly provocative. There is no tear gas, no protest assault, I showed my work to my students and they could not understand. Some even considered it too distanced and calm for a photographer. To foreigners, these photographs of empty streets do not even worth looking at, but to most Hong Kongers, these are revealing documentation of a historical event. The photos unveil an emotional connection to a particular time and place. And that is important.

© Tse Ming Chong, ‘City Sereis II - The Road, 2014′

7. Can you tell us more about your use of ‘simulated three-dimensional vision’ to recreate the cityscape in ‘The Road’?

I borrowed the concept of 3D photography. Not long after the invention of photographers, people experimented with 3D photography. The pioneers tried to simulate a sense of depth utilizing parallax vision, to capture the so-called reality. Humanity were never satisfied with a two-dimensional photograph as the evidence of truth. It is human’s instinctive desire to recreate three-dimensionality. And this is what I meant when I said ‘photography is an ancient medium’ in our earlier conversation. Especially under the popularization of 3D cinema, which is a manipulation of visual parallax at its core. I philosophized on this idea. In my series, I show two perspectives from the same location side by side to give a more ‘complete picture’ of reality. In ‘Road’, I walked along Gloucester Road from Central to Causeway Bay (the occupying sites during the Umbrella Movement), I went up to footbridges whenever I came across one and took photographs of empty roads seen from both sides of the bridges, backward at Central and forward at Causeway Bay. Looking back and looking forward, retrospect and prospect.

© Tse Ming Chong, ‘Look Out From My Window’, 1998-2012

8. I can see how photographs of an empty street may look plain on a phone screen, compared to all the visual stimuli online. After all, imagery is just one component of your work.

That is why I encourage my student to go to photo exhibition. Looking at photos on computer screens or smartphones are okay as a way to obtain information, but are far from satisfactory for art appreciation. You need to stand in front of the art. It is hard to document art because photographs are often just part of the grand narrative. For example, my work are often a metaphorical commentary on the relationship between imagery and environmental reality, which is hard to portray in a single still image. (I agree. Installation is also an important element in contemporary photography. So, at the end of the day, it goes back to our recurring topics - the inadequacy of traditional photography.) Yes. It is how I feel about the medium throughout my career.

© Tse Ming Chong | urbanautica Hong Kong

LAURA VAN SEVEREN. HERMETIC WORLDS

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BY DIETER DEBRUYNE

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© Laura Van Severen, Untitled, 2013

Tell us about your approach to photography. How it all started? What are your memories of your first shots?

Laura Van Severen (LVS) - On vacations I would often ask my dad for his camera and when I went on school trips my mother gave me an analogue point & shoot camera to take with me. I liked the freedom to shoot whatever I wanted but felt restricted by the 36 shots. In my teens I had saved up to buy a digital compact camera. I took pictures of all kinds of stuff, mainly because I enjoyed shooting and less because of a subject.

How did your research evolve with respect to those early days?

LVS - Before entering the academy I knew very little of photography, photographers or even about technique. Picasa en auto mode had been my best friends along with Tim Walker and other pretty pictures in fashion magazines. The following years were a rollercoaster ride for the mind. Art history, photo history, art theory and above all the (sometimes confronting) talks about my evolving work opened my eyes to numerous possibilities and ways of working. Now I have the feeling that maybe I have something pinned down. I guess that is something temporary though. Every step is a step to a new area of research.

What do you think about photography in the era of digital and social networking?

LVS - I think it has allowed me to evolve faster and to be more in control while conceiving pictures.

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© Laura Van Severen, Land, 2015

About your work now. How would you describe your personal research methods in general?

LVS - Usually my projects start with a choice in setting. This can vary from a geographical demarcation to a broader setting like city streets and interiors. Within this setting the act of walking or even wandering is key to create the first images. From there on I observe the pictures and the initial place over and over again, slightly adjusting my walks, my focus and my choices every time. You could say my research and process are entirely photographic and based on the images themselves rather than on a preconceived idea. While taking pictures I often try to get rid of the overall context of a situation, a moment, a place, … by using meticulous framing or by shooting unnoticed everyday actions. To me, the focus on composition, colour, patterns and lines are extremely important to construct a hermetic world that distinguishes itself from the context where it came from.

Do you have any preferences in terms of cameras and format?

LVS - I think every project demands a specific approach. At the moment, I usually shoot with a digital dslr because I want to be in control from start to finish. For the projects I’ve been working on over the past years I wanted clean and clear pictures. The surface of the image needed to become invisible. I wanted the focus not to be directed on the image as something tangible but on what is visible in the image.

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© Laura Van Severen, Land, 2015

Tell us about your latest project.

LVS - My latest work originates from the brief memory of a landscape. It is a series of pictures that depicts the gaze on that very landscape. The landscape is a construction, or one could say, a destruction of what it once was or will be. In this work I transformed the landscape in a way of making images. As a result the images and the landscape seem to merge together in a new world.

For this particular series you began from from the point of time and memory. What are those memories and what did you think to find there? Is there anything left of those memories?

LVS - The memory is rather a glimpse of a place that was set in my head for several years already. A few times a year we (my parents, sister and dog) drive past this place on our way to family visits in Spain. It is a place I did not know nor that I had ever visited. I was intrigued by the way these villages glided past the car window against the backdrop of the steep mountains every time we drove by. Rather than expecting a certain kind of landscape I was expecting to find something that could trigger me as an image maker and that would lead me to new paths, new images and a new work. Through the process of making, the memories or emotions linked to this place, became almost irrelevant. The place is not referred to in the work, it becomes part of the whole because of its lack of references.

You say you work from image to image and it’s like stream of consciousness how your work develops. Do you use any restrictions for this method? Like a some kind of boundary for your walks?

LVS - Sometimes I feel like I could make, start or continue a work everywhere. What attracts me in photography is that rather than filling a blank space, I need to make choices out of what is already there. It’s a game of constant reframing. It enables me to connect or even merge several places, people, situations and meanings into one.

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© Laura Van Severen, Land, 2015

Some of your pictures seem like scale-models made in a studio. Is this rescaling of reality the concept or working method for you? Could this be a technique you use to deform reality?

LVS - When walking or driving through the mountains or other vast places, it is curious to see how the different layers of the landscape slide over each other continuously. While moving, the surrounding landscape is slowly shifting and concepts like distance, size and scale become relative. These overlaps demand my attention. On the other hand, I also try to achieve this effect where it is not present, on a smaller scale for example. The appearance or effect of shifting landscapes is turned into a technique or way of looking in other images I make. Not only while making but also by editing the images into sequences or combinations I try to play with this (mis)perception.

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© Laura Van Severen, Land, 2015

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© Laura Van Severen, Land, 2015

Is there any contemporary artist or photographer, even if young and emerging, who influenced you in some way?

LVS - What really influenced me most are talks with teachers, friends and others. However, I do feel a certain kinship for the work and personality of Saul Leiter. Once in a while, I like to read the interview at the back of his book ‘Colors’. It tends to make me smile. At the very end, he says 'I laugh too much. It’s a minor fault.’ and I have this vision of an old man with 'an everlasting grin, who took pleasure in looking and saw the world simply and as a source of endless delight’ (in his own words). I’m also very much impressed by the Estonian cinematographer Veiko Õunpuu (and director of photography, Mart Taniel, who assisted Õunpuu in all of his movies and helped creating that unique visual identity). He tells the story of several, very different people and how they deal with the human condition and their struggle with existentialism.

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© Laura Van Severen, Land, 2015

Three books of photography that you recommend?

LVS - Robin Maddock’s 'III’ is a quite simple book. The work contains three elements that are repeated in the images. A white sheet of paper, a small white ball and spilled milk require the viewer’s focus in the contrasting black and white pictures. The work is oddly mesmerizing and demands for several readings even though there’s no real point to discover.

- Federico Clavarino’s 'Italia o Italia’.

- David Hornillos’ 'Mediodia’. What happens in front of the orange brick wall at noon is reassuringly strange and excitingly ordinary.

Projects that you are working on now and plans for the future?

Some months from now and thus after graduating, I’m planning to move to Catalunya, Spain for an unknown amount of time. I’ve spent many holidays there; in the Pyrenees, at the seaside and in between. To me, these are places of many things that I can’t describe. I’m always full of awe and in desire to depict these places and at the same time I’ve felt unable to do so, so far.

© Laura van Severen | urbanautica Belgium

MARIEKE BUSSER. BETWEEN FILM AND PHOTOGRAPHY

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BY NICOLETTE KLERK

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© Marieke Busser, Untitled

Tell us about your approach to photography, how it started. What are your memories of your first shots?

Marieke Busser (MB) - When I was little I used to sneak up to the attic where my father kept all of his magazines, books and photo albums. I could look at the images and pictures repeatedly for ages.  One of the magazines had a weekly photo of Ed van der Elsken. Raw, black and white photography of young people in the streets of Amsterdam, and I was fascinated by the interaction between the photos and my mind. I saw a moment that my mind transformed into situations with sound. They became (my own) short films.
I could also stare at things for a long time, trying to find a change in what I was looking at. For example I could look at the sunlight trying to break trough the blinds in my room and after a while they transformed into lines because my eyes got tired of looking at the same thing. I often closed my eyes to see what remained on the back of my eyes to analyse what I had seen.

From staring to wandering to staring to wandering to staring to wandering…

Because of staring outside while sitting in the windowsill, in the train, on my bike, in the classroom or wandering away in a book, a lot of those moments are still with me, trying to find their way and waiting patiently for the right moment to come out. My first shots I made with a pencil and a drawing paper, in an attempt to hold on to what I had discovered during the staring and closing my eyes.  I don’t remember when I took my first shots with a camera; I guess this happened on a holiday when I was little. When I went to art school for the first time in the nineties I had to learn how photography worked according to the rules of photography. This was difficult for me; it was as if I had to change the way I looked at things. Suddenly there was this ‘frame’ I had to deal with, and mathematics to get the ‘right’ photo. It made me very insecure, questioning my freedom of looking, analysing and wandering. I let it frame my mind.
Those first shots were from my surroundings, and the one I remember best is a black and white photo of the refuse bags outside our house.

© Marieke Busser, ‘est-scape’, video installation, loop, 2.21 min, 2012

How did your research evolve with respect to those early days?

MB - Slowly but surely I got my freedom back. I started to look at photography as an experiment. I got used to the given of a frame and installed it in my mind as one of countless possibilities. It gave me the opportunity to see the details, different places emerged and new situations started to occur. 

Now I know that a camera is the closest thing I have found to be able to take with me what I find. As long as I am in control of the camera and not the other way around. I am the director. For me the camera is a necessary evil, a machine with a lot of possibilities and a programme to manipulate an element or some truth. But it also gives me the opportunity to take with me what I find, see, feel and hear. I cannot take these situations, spheres, places or sounds with my eyes, my mind and bare hands and if I want to combine them I need a camera. I like to listen to what I see, hear what I feel and see what I think. These things combined give me the artwork I create. With my pictures and my video installations I create new situations or different spaces. The history of my registrations seeps through into the piece of art.

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© Marieke Busser, Untitled

When photography is a (sub)division: how is photography related within your work?

MB - My photographical work is a research for the short films that I create. These films are often presented in a loop, some of them are site specific, with what I refer to the places, spheres or situations I was in (or at) when I was filming there. It refers to the place I was at that moment, when I was editing and when it is presented. It’s always ongoing. Sometimes I print the photos and put them together to create the right sphere or mood to start filming or editing. Most of the time I go through them in my head, like going through a card catalogue, questioning my memory of a photo. I like to call them synopses in sphere, or they are scenes or parts of scenes (of a film that may never be there). I am often questioning the given of staging while filming, photographing or editing. 

The involvement of sound is also very important to me, I listen to the photos while analyzing them and what I hear transforms into (part of ) an image, photo or film as well. There are almost never people in my work because they claim a story. If there is a person in my artwork, it’s mostly about the way they move in the photo, as a part of the composition.

What do you think is important for the emergence of your work? What makes a picture a strong image?

MB - What makes a picture a strong picture for me is having the courage to show the not knowing of things and the desire to wanting to know. I question everything I experience around me and analyse how it evolves in my mind. I am fascinated by the dusk because everything changes really slowly and constantly uncovers new information until it gets dark. For me it’s somewhat like questioning what I know and what I see. It gives me the ability to discover new things in the existing forms, as we know them.

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© Marieke Busser, ‘Surplace’

About your work now. Can you describe your personal research in general?

MB - My personal research is about the essence of a moment and what happens between movement and stasis. I am exploring the space between film and photography and how it moves. It’s about analyzing awareness, about spheres, and about the desire to wanting to know.

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© Marieke Busser, ‘Filmnoir’, site specific installation, diverse media, 2012

What are your considerations?

MB - For me it is a necessity to create, I often have difficulty finding the right words to say things, what makes me stutter in my mind. By creating I can make new sentences or words. I have also developed my own vocabulary, which is always evolving and often is shown in the titles of my artwork. These words are combinations of existing words that help me to say what I want to tell.

What is your main source of inspiration?

MB - There are lots of things that inspire me… Lampposts. A slip of the tongue. Wandering. Surplace. Opia. Erich Maria Remarque. Listening to films. The Binas. Roald Dahl. Staring. Powers of Ten. The way things around me change by the involvement - or lack of light. Curled posters. Red. Chemistry. Film Noir. Music. The awareness of a moment. Shadows. William Shakespeare. The force of nature. Jeff Wall. Synopsis. Samuel Beckett. What is left on the retina. Black and white photography. Vilém Flusser. Edward Hopper. Dark Romanticism. David Lynch. The way sound moves and looks like. Immanuel Kant. Short notes. The countless questions I have. State of mining. William Turner. Experimenting. Situations and places. Dusk. The Forensic Institute. Soll Lewitt. A lost scene. A sentence said in a different perspective. The way coat hangers jump on the carpet when dropped. The way philosophy works in the concept of art…

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© Marieke Busser, ‘Fermate’

Is there any contemporary artist or photographer, even if young and emerging, who influenced you in a way?

MB - I am not sure if these artists influence me, but what I do know is that I have carried them with me for years and they tend to pop up now and then. I like Roald Dahl because of his way of writing and the interaction between my mind and his stories. The way a story leaves a book and enters a mind I find fascinating. 

Another artist is David Lynch; the way he talks about creating is fascinating, it’s like he is a brush and a canvas at the same time. The way they transform their thoughts into books ands films I find inspiring. For me it’s like they explore the zone between what is real and what is not, what is uncomfortable and what could be true.

Most of the art I admire give me parts of answers to the countless questions that I have. Sometimes I feel like a detective, looking for a clue in my own mind.
Some of the other artists: Thijs van Kimmenade, Davor Subaric, Thorgal, Ed van der Elsken, Dirk Braeckman, Gerard Holthuis, Weegee, Frederico Fellini, Erich Maria Remarque, Martin Arnold.

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© Marieke Busser, installation, diverse media, 2011

Tell us about your latest project

MB - With my latest project I am working on a proposal for the High Court. My artwork will be shown in the chambers behind the courtrooms where the decision-making takes place. My artwork becomes part of the classified conversations that take place in these chambers. Their existence is only for a few eyes to be seen, and I am fascinated by the given of never knowing and hearing the things that my artwork will hear and see. I do not have a title or name yet, maybe it’s without a title.

Which projects are you working on now and are there plans or ‘needs’ for the future?

MB - Last summer I visited Berlin for filming and I am working on a new video-installation based on what I filmed over there.
- Another project I worked on lately is a letter I wrote about how I’ve evolved as an artist after finishing my bachelor in fine arts and how I feel about the current situation in the Dutch art world. The letter will be published in a book called ‘41 Letters from young artists’.
- Currently I have an exhibition called ‘Silent Witnesses’ that is about an old and empty apartment above the museum where the exhibition takes place. The apartment will be renovated and before that happened me and two other artists were asked to go up there and reflect on the current status of the rooms and what was left.
- I have collected a lot of pictures and notes and currently I am constructing a synopsis in a room.
- I also would like to get my masters degree in fine arts, or maybe do an artist-in-residency.

Is there any show or film you’ve seen recently that you find inspiring?

MB - I like to watch films and listen to them repeatedly, and they all differ in age. What I like about films is the places and situations I can find in them, apart from the story and how sound and image can evolve. The last ones I have seen recently that are still resonating in my head were ‘Melancholia’ by Lars von Trier, ‘Women in the Dunes’ by Hiroshi Teshigahara and ‘Wall-E’ by Disney-Pixar.

© Marieke Busser, ‘XR’, video installation, loop, 1.16 min

One to three books of photography or art that you recommend?

MB - ‘Dark Romanticism’ by Hatje Cantz, a book about the eponymous exhibition; ‘Eye love You’ by Ed van der Elsken, one of the books I know by heart. The third one is my notebook that I always carry with me.

How do you see the future of photography in general evolve?

MB - For me it feels like photography is losing its status of importance compared to when I was younger and there was a limited amount of pictures that you could take. I think photography gets a new definition almost every day.
Sometimes it crosses my mind that this development could lead to a feeling of never getting satisfied. Not experiencing what is happening around you, no awareness. I feel it is necessary to keep experimenting with the given of photography, what it means to me and how it evolves. 

To take a moment, even if it is (put) in a frame, it is still a moment. Another aspect that I find fascinating is when the camera shows its inability to capture what I find. The struggle you can literally hear when it has difficulty with focussing or the red lights that pop up when it is programmed to tell you that there is not enough light to take a photo. What remains then are my eyes and my mind.

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© Marieke Busser, Untitled

What do you think about photography in the era of digital and social networking?

MB - I think it works two ways: it creates a lot of new possibilities and moves boundaries. New things occur daily and the technology evolves really fast. On the other side I feel a lack of concentration and involvement. A while ago I was on the train and while looking around I started to wonder why there are still windows in them. Nobody was looking out of the windows; they were all staring at their mobile devices. It’s not just photography; it is about the way people react on this era and how fast everything is going.

© Marieke Busser | urbanautica The Netherlands


ELSPETH DIEDERIX. IT NEEDS TO FEEL TRUE

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BY NICOLETTE KLERK

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© Elspeth Diederix, ‘Straw’, 2014

Tell us about your approach to photography, how it started. What are your memories of your first shots?

Elspeth Diederix (ED) - When I was at high school and still living at home I had a darkroom in the garden shed. It was only light proof after dark. When the sun went down and the house was quiet I would walk through the garden to my darkroom. It was exciting and magical as everyone who has seen an image slowly appear on a white piece of paper knows well. The nighttime and the walk through a pitch-dark garden, which I also found a bit spooky, made it all so much more mysterious and memorable.

How did your research evolve with respect to those early days?

ED - My first passion definitely was photography though I found discouraging the technical aspect of it, it made me insecure. At the art academy painting came easy so I chose that direction. At the Rietveld academy, the painting department was actually a place where all art forms were welcome and maybe even stimulated. I tried it all: sculpture, installations, mixed media with embroidered charcoal drawings for example. I was inventive, experimental as you should be at an art academy. I would stamp poetry on trees, cut out airplanes from the leaves of the rhododendron shrubs. Things came together when I started photographing these installations I made in the park and when one of my teachers asked me why it was that I painted and I didn’t have the answer.

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© Elspeth Diederix, ‘Yellowgem’, 2013 and ‘Orange Still Life’, 2014

I discovered there was so much more I could do with photography; it was not only about making portraits, it gave me such freedom and I didn’t need to be able to make the perfect black and white photograph with skillful shades of grey. Photography was playful and adventurous. I could make installations that in reality could not last very long but they would endure in a photograph. I could steer the viewers eye to see the ‘installation’ the way I would wish them to see it, with the right composition and the perfect background. I could work wherever I wished and use every and any material, objects and landscapes I liked. This was central in my rediscovered love for photography. All I needed was my camera and I could travel the world to make my work. Which is what I did.

Could you describe your personal research? Please tell us about your latest project and plans and needs for the future.

ED - There are a few different projects that I continuously work on. My still lifes; I have a huge fascination for the objects that surround us constantly, specifically those moments when everyday objects suddenly lose their veil of familiarity and become abstract. When the usual meaning that you give these objects is altered and for a split second you are able to see them in a different light. I used this moment in time as a starting point for my images.

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© Elspeth Diederix, ‘Still Life Shell’, 2014

My blog: The Studio Garden, which I have been working on now for 5 years. It started when I moved into a new studio, which had a garden. Around that same time the second of my three daughters was born and the traveling and life of working as I knew it was not possible anymore. The garden became a place I could travel in. It was constantly transforming due to the seasons, the different plants and flowers I would grow. It was an ever changing landscape. It was a wonderful place to get lost in. There was no need for far away places because the garden was a world on its own.

The work I make in my garden is an experiment. I don’t have many preconceived plans; it is a playground. The blog is an online sketchbook of my photographs of the garden. The work is changing, evolving. When I started I would make little plant and flower sculptures. It is now becoming more photographic in the sense that I don’t always feel compelled to change things about what I am photographing. I also make portraits of the garden as it is. This would not have occurred to me years ago. 

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© Elspeth Diederix, ‘Ursinum & Canasta’, 2015

The third project that has my heart is my underwater work. The underwater world is a fascinating and mysterious world; an unknown place where we don’t actually belong. Every time I am able to dive and breathe underwater is a miraculously inexplicable and special experience for me. This work is connected to the other two projects. It is akin to the still lifes in the sense that I work with the familiar suddenly becoming unfamiliar. Underwater it is the other way around. You enter an atmosphere that is not related to anything you know. It is a world of shapes and textures, a world of colour. You are literally submerged in abstraction. The relation with the work I make in ‘The Studio Garden’ is of course more obvious: they are both personal portrayals of the natural world.

I have been using a digital camera since 2009 and this has slowly changed the way I work. I am able to avoid the technical aspect that has always daunted me with working with an analogue camera.  I can immediately see what happens to the light on my camera display screen and adjust it straight away. I feel more in control. The digital camera has really opened up the world of photography for me. It fits very well into my way of working and I don’t have to worry if I use the light meter in the correct way or if the x rays at the airport destroyed my film or not. When there is space, I feel less apprehension.

© Elspeth Diederix, on going Underwater works, 2015

My work now is leaning towards a crossover between painting and photography whereas before it sometimes seemed more of a blending between sculpture and photography. Instead of interfering with the actual landscape my work focuses more on light, colour and composition, especially with the underwater work where colour plays such an important role. Underwater the representation of colour is still somewhat undefined as it can go in any direction without it seeming unnatural. I love working on the photographs postproduction where it feels like I can paint the image.

My needs for the future are the time to be able to fully concentrate on my work without the distractions and obligations of daily life. Traveling comes closest to satisfy this wish.

Is there any contemporary artist or photographer, even if young and emerging, who influenced you in a way?

ED - During my early days of exploration of photography I was very drawn to the work of  Cecil Beaton. I can still relate to his work today. His photographs are not always technically perfect but they are so energetic. In his works with the decors and backgrounds it was as if sculpture, painting and photography came together.

I don’t look at photography that much now. I gravitate towards painting. At the moment I am very much inspired by the work of Odilon Redon, especially his pastels. His use of colour is magnificent. It is so vivid and the combinations are incredible, almost like seeing new colours that you never imagined before.
Also the work of the 17th century painter Adriaen Coorte is important to me; beautiful small still life paintings of shells and fruit that seem to emanate light, very delicate and beautiful compositions.

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© Adriaen Coorte, ‘Gooseberries on a Table’, 1701

Do you create preferably an effusive, artificial reality shown as meticulous attention to detail? 

ED - I need you to believe in the image I create and it is not important if it was constructed or not. It needs to feel true.


You seem intuitive to be able to do a quick first scan of images which ends up in a firm selection:  ‘a work’ or ’ a ‘very pretty picture’. Are you in retrospect, ever been too strict, too selective? How is that expressed?

ED - Sometimes I look back at my unselected works hoping to find a little pearl that I overlooked. It hardly ever happens. I still feel the same about the images. I have a love for very exact compositions and the image needs to have a little extra magic that draws you in.

What about making an installation of images under commission in a space of 600m3? What are your considerations, choices.

ED - With my own work? In the past I have created a wallpaper made up of all my sketch photographs as a backdrop for the final work. It was quite full but the amount of images gave an idea of the energy behind the works. I would need to know more about the space to be able to say anything about my choices.

© Elspeth Diederix, on going Underwater works, 2015

Today you showed me new work that blew me away and criticized my way of abstract thinking. Besides creating new work as an artist, you are capturing our Dutch ‘underwater heritage’ and retouching it with precision which leads to new Dutch mastery. How does this new work refer to the work you made ten years ago, ‘Selvatica Plastica’, a site specific work in the tunnel under the Central Station in Apeldoorn and to ‘The Studio Garden’, your blog?

ED - In my new work,  I am trying to show the beauty and magic of what I see around me like I did ten years ago, but I am less inclined to add things to an image. Now I feel I can show it by using composition, light and working with the post production.

I hope soon we will be able to see these great new works.

© Elspeth Diederix | urbanautica The Netherlands

PETROS KOUBLIS. INLANDS

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BOOK INTERVIEW

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Tell us about your current photographic research?

Petros Koublis (PK) - I am working on a new body of work that focuses on the way we perceive this world through our senses. My research includes the study of books and ideas written by philosophers during the first half of the previous millennium. The philosophical thought of that period was consistently trying to express everything through unified theories that were including both their observations on the physical world and their studies on the intelligible one as well. These unified theories were performing an enchanting balance between scientific thought and the metaphysical ideas which dominated the world during the ancient times, resulting both to what became the foundation of modern science but also to a complicated corpus of allegories and obscured interpretations over the human experience. Through my new project, I am not attempting an iconographic visualization of this school of thought, but a leap to an autosuggestive process that overrides the reflexes of our mind and releases the perceiving force of our senses. It is a project that challenges the authority of the mind and ends up questioning reality itself.

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Let’s talk about the project ‘Inlands’?

PK - This was something I made a few years ago, in 2012-13. In many ways it was like a prelude to the landscape series I did the last two years. Inlands is a projects that tries to investigate  the landscape through small individual fragments. Those miniature scenes are approached as if they were completely independent existences, released from their surrounding space and identity, therefore they can be openly interpreted, as bearers of symbols and equivalents. When we abandon knowledge and familiarity we find ourselves disorientated, trying to rely only in our senses. The narrative of the project is based on this disorientation. The images examine the limits of a landscape, moving inwards, in a process that looks both perpetual and enchanted. The interpretation of the images as individual fragments remains open, but in the same time it aims to maintain a certain obscurity. This is also an element of the series’ narrative, the mystique, the unenforceable transformation that take place beneath the surface of things. As a process though, it was more of an instinctive exploration based on sense and intuition and less of an intellectual act.

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How did you get the idea for the book?

PK - The initial idea itself belongs to the publishers. They had seen the images of  this project and they felt it was fitting the aesthetics of their editions, so they contacted me with a proposal to create a book out of this series. Since this project was already a completed one and all the material was there, I thought we could actually make the next step indeed and try put together a  book out of it.

It’s your first monograph. Why and how did you choose the editor Black Mountain?  How did you managed it?

PK - Black Mountain Books consists of Raúl Hernández and Martha Kaputt, who recently moved their base from Spain to Hong Kong, where the book was actually printed. The initiative was theirs and when they contacted me they already had some ideas about how this book could look and feel like. There was the right chemistry from our first meeting and I felt really comfortable working with them. They had the desire to invest time and attention in detail in order to make this happen in way that would enclose both their vision about the design of the book and mine’s about the context of this series. I find it extremely important that they wanted to go through every step together with me and make sure that the book maintains the spirit of this series.

What about the process? Choosing and selecting images. And text? How did you participate in it? What about the graphic and design?

PK - Everything was the result of a constant cooperation between me and the editors. So in the end I think that somehow everything reflects this balance, from the selection of the images to the final layout.  For the text I decided to use a poem I had written when I was working on the images for ‘Inlands’. I felt that it had an abstractness that was aligned with the atmosphere of the series and in the same time it was introducing the reader to the sensibility that runs through the rest of the book. In fact I think we approached the whole book as a visual poem. The narrative of the book is unfolded with the abstractness of a poem, as a sequence of verses. The beautiful texture of the matte paper, the delicate binding with the black thread, the dazzling scent of the ink and the whole feel of the book, they’re all part of this poem. I was also fortunate to have a beautiful introduction text written by Tom Griggs, photographer, writer and editor of Fototazo.

What did you learn from this experience, plus and minus?

Since this was my first publication, this whole process had a certain educative aspect as well. When it comes to publishing a book there are so many variables to take into account in order to be able to produce a solid aesthetical proposal. A book is more than just a sequence of images, it has more aspects to it and it requires a vision that will embrace them all. Through this process I was able to expose my thought in all of this and I certainly earned a lot on many different levels.

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Plans for the future?

Besides the project I already mentioned, there are many others in progress which involve both new publications and collaborations.

Can you suggest us 3 photography books that you liked?

‘The Stanford Albums’ by Carleton Watkins (Stanford University Press 2014)
‘Islands of the Blest’ by Bryan Schutmaat and  Ashlyn Davis (Silas Finch 2014)
‘Easter and Oak Trees’ by Bertien Van Manen  (Mack Books 2013)

© Petros Koublis | urbanautica Greece | Black Mountain Books

ANA BLOOM. DOUBLE JEU

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BY KLAUS FRUCHTNIS

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© Ana Bloom, ‘Sous les jupes de filles’

Ana Bloom is a French photographer, art director and visual artist. She is the daughter of a Ukrainian-Russian, Cuban, American father and a French mother. Since her childhood she practiced photography and various forms of arts. After a BA in History and a Master in Visual Art, Ana started working in fashion for Kenzo, and as a photo assistant for famous portrait and fashion photographers Michel Comte, Miles Aldridge, Fabrizio Ferri, and Jean-Batiste Mondino, in New York, London, Milan, and Paris. Ana finally launched her personal career in Paris in 1998, collaborating with Libération, Télérama, Marie Claire, Dazed and Confused, The Independent, Cosmopolitan, the trend company « Studio Edelkoort », Milk magazine, le Monde, etc. Her commercial clients are Hermes, L’Occitane, Yves Rocher, EMI, Virgin, Naive, Tôt ou Tard, among others.

Ana’s work questions the notion of identity and our relationship to nature. She also works on public art commissions for cultural institutions and develops projects on public housing sponsored by Unicef. Her work is been published internationally, and exhibited at Galerie Mourlot in New York, Galerie Ilan Engel in Paris, the City Hall of Paris, etc. Ana’s work is on the collections of the Contemporary Art Fond (Seine Saint Denis) and The Berezdivin Collection in Puerto Rico.

Tell us about your approach to photography. How it all started? What are your memories of your first shots?

ANA BLOOM (AB) - It all started in primary school when I was about 10 years old. I had a teacher who was a photo amateur and managed to install a photo darkroom in our class and to teach us photography as an elective. In parallel, I was also taking sculpture classes at the Louvre School. I knew that I wanted to be an artist because of the memories of an award I received!  The only award I had in primary school, so I remember it very well – it was the “Prix de Camaraderie” (Special award for Camaraderie). The price was the only book that nobody wanted and the one I liked the most ‘A guide of Art History’.

In sculpture classes, I was already doing nude sculptures inspired by Camille Claudel. My teacher thought that I was talented and wanted me to pursue in this direction. But I got scared of what I was doing and stopped sculpture soon after. My first pictures were in black and white, and I used my friends as models for portraits.

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© Ana Bloom, ‘Doudou Geisha’

How did your research evolve with respect to those early days?

AB - From these early days, when I think about my childhood and my photography, my work has evolved in many ways… Well, some of my friends have become famous and beautiful models… and I still keep photographing unknown and common people, workers, children, teenagers, etc.

I had a French Cuban American education, and the two most influential schools that I went to were located in a very mixed developing zone of Paris. My multicultural background and heritage coming from a famous and rich Trotsky family from the Ukraine certainly marked those early days. I had to explore things that didn’t fit easily sometimes; I have mixed feelings about that period.

I became a photographer because I needed to work to pay my studies. So after a bachelor degree in History and producing a fashion show for Kenzo I left Paris to New York and started working while learning photography with famous fashion photographers like Michel Comte, Fabrizio Ferri, Miles Aldridge and Jean Baptiste Mondino. This apprenticeship made me replace sculpture by sculpting the light and after a while it was so obvious these two things had something in common. Before I moved to New York, I did my history thesis project on ‘Social housing in France between 1850 and 1930′, this was influenced by the schools in went to. Beside my commercial and artistic work the housing and social projects have an important place in my work. I believe that artists can make a huge difference in this field, and mixing children from different cultural and/or financial backgrounds will raise more tolerance on the matter.

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© Ana Bloom, ‘Ban-Lieux’

What do you think about photography in the era of digital and social networking?

AB - I think what happened in the last ten years is totally new and will continue to modify our relation to the world and to the speed and flow of images. Even though I believe that without meeting real people the social network is not efficient. It takes time to produce good quality work at a human scale. With Internet, the new TV channels, Facebook, Pinterest, Instagram, we are overloaded with images and I am personally reaching the point where I am protecting myself from too much flow and poor quality images.

From a sociological point of view, I think it is changing the way we relate to the world. For instance, what artist Richard Prince is doing with the social media and image reproduction, exhibiting and selling these images, give us a mirror of what production means in the digital era.

The good thing is that people understand more and more about image-making-processes, and awareness and criticism ca be raised that way. Although, it is not because you have a pen that you are a writer – photography is about writing with images and good work takes time as we all know.

As for the legal aspect of images, the world is instant everywhere and it is hard for a human being to have empathy for someone on the other side of the planet. The information is directly available and questionable even if there are forces acting against it and trying to control it. Internet is heaven and hell at the same time, with all the shades of grey in between.

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© Ana Bloom, ‘Double Jeu’

About your work now. How would you describe your personal research in general?

AB - I don’t think I can define my work as a research. For me, photography is a way to explore myself and question the word and people; something between a conceptual idea and my own sensibility. My photography is my very essence, like Montaigne would say, a honey made out of personal history and the evolvement to the world.

I go with what I know, and who I am. I evolve with the people I met on the road and I decide to be creative with them or not. I learnt over the years that you always meet the right people for each project, either it’s an advertising campaign, a record cover, a book, a contemporary art exhibition, or a social study. I consider life as a puzzle and a cycle where everyone is trying to found out why we are here. Even though as I get older my spiritual connection to the world is increasing but I always try to have fun with what I do. Many times photography fed me up and I wanted to give up, but I’m still here 25 years later. I am very grateful because my life was never boring; always felt free and respectful to others.

In the past, I dreamed about coming back to France to become the French Annie Leibovitz, but I quickly realized that in France the budgets where not the same than in the US. So I accepted working for Libération, the best at the time (but with very little money and small productions.) Today, I am still concerned by the same things, how to make this world better, either with beauty or social research, including people and humanity in all of my projects. I also like to keep associating my artistic and commercial work to nature in relation to the world’s transformation. I mean nature as a relationship and how it applies to the industry, fashion, and human beings. My first exhibition on Guatemala was questioning that matter, the same for my collaboration with the Studio Edelkoort and other personal research.

© Ana Bloom, video ‘Nachtwandlungen’

Do you have any preferences in terms of cameras, techniques and format?

AB - I like cameras that do not impress people when shooting outdoors. For the studio and advertising work, I enjoy cameras where I can look outside the viewfinder; digital cameras are also good for that. In the past, I have used square formats, Rolleiflex, Polaroid Land Camera 185 (a bit obsolete), Hasselblad, Pentax 6X7, Holga 120N Plastic Camera and even an iPhone.

For me, the camera choice comes second, like the lighting techniques; most of them depend on the project.

Tell us about your latest project ‘Ana Bloom, Double-je

AB - Curated by Sandra de Vivies this exhibition features my work from the fashion world, to the portrait and contemporary side of it.

A journalist defined my work as a Dadaist, I like playing with the lines, the ambiguity of the language, the understanding of the image, pushing the limits of each world with a little bit of subversiveness and playfulness.

Is there any contemporary artist or photographer, even if young and emerging, who influenced you in some way?

AB - Plenty of them, for sure! I am not only looking at photography though. Actually, I rarely think about photography because for me taking pictures is the result of a desire and a thought, an impulse that I translate into an image. So my influences can be from an idea, a person, or from nature, dance, literature, music, cinema and why not photography.

Some of the artists that have inspired me are Sally Mann, Agnès Varda, Anna and Bernhard Blume, Anton Corbjin and Cindy Sherman’s early work, that I discovered recently. I also discovered Valérie Belin’s work - we’ve done similar things in the past…

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© Ana Bloom, ‘Miss Dior’

Three books of photography that you recommend?

AB - ‘Immediate Family’ by Sally Mann 
- ‘Workers’ by Sebastião Salgado 
- ‘In the American West’ by Richard Avedon

Is there any show you’ve seen recently that you find inspiring?

AB - ‘What is photography?’ at the Pompidou Center, Paris.
- Valerie Jouve at the Jeu de Paume, Paris.
- Florence Henri at the Jeu de Paume, Paris.
- ‘Agnes Varda’ at Galerie Obadia Paris.
- ‘Pascaline Marre  « Armeniée » at Galerie  Binome, Paris

Projects that you are working on now and plans for the future?

AB - I am finishing a book project on the Alchemy of Oak barrel and Wine ‘Hearts of Oak’ and leading and pursuing several other projects. A project about the tea ceremony in Morocco for a foundation, and another about time, history and people but that it is too early to talk about it.

Also, I’m pursuing my commercial work between advertising, fashion, still life, record covers and portraits.

How do you see the future of photography in general evolve?

AB - I think contemporary photography is going to melt with other techniques more and more, and moving images. At the end, it will always be about telling stories with images no matter what technique is used.

© Ana Bloom | urbanautica France

ON ‘BELGIAN AUTUMN’ PHOTOBOOK BY JAN ROSSEEL

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BY PETER WATERSCHOOT

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1982, 1983, 1985.
This story happened while the world was listening to Agneta Fältskog, 10CC and David Bowie. The Challenger straddled the stratosphere, and Apple brought out its first computers while in most places people still needed to change ribbons on typewriters. At that time, Belgium was fully in the grip of a series of murderous attacks at supermarkets very near closing time. Television Mayhem. Strangely enough, the loot didn’t seem to be the real objective of these attacks, given the unlikely amount of deadly violence used upon the customers (the gangsters went in and out, while shooting wildwest style, even at the parking lot). Those who were unlucky enough to be present around that unfortunate time ended up heavily wounded or dead. So did the father of the author of this photobook. He went out to buy a pack of cigarettes but never got back home.

The author – Jan Rosseel claims that the oeuvre he has constructed around these historical facts is certainly not auto-therapeutic in any sense. He had dealt with it long since. It was mainly the mystery around these killings which triggered him into this photographical opus. He started it already as a 2nd year student at the academy of The Hague. But what about this criminal case, the mystery around it? The gangsters were never caught, and even worse, all of the detectives and journalists working on this dossier have always been, and still seem to be, after so many years, clueless about the possible motive. Some conspiracy theories circulate (extreme right infiltration in police forces etc.- but, this should not be taken seriously). 

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Members of the Brussels police force © Jan Rosseel

Jan Rosseel claims not to blame the criminals but rather the Belgian state which at that time was inapt in handling this baffling case. Evidence got lost (e.g. even a getaway car got destroyed). Moreover, the ( literally) ‘million-pages-case’ apparantly needed translation from French to Dutch upon the apparantly very indespensable move of the investigation from the flemish-speaking part towards a French speaking county. Imagine the loss of time. A Belgian senator once said. “ In a million pages case, even if it would be brought to trial, it wouldn’t be hard for any lawyer to identify thousands of mistakes, so there would never be a verdict …”. A quote to be found in one of the last pages of the book.

Confabulation
Two books lying on my desk right now. Christian Patterson’s Redheaded Peckerwood and Jan Rosseel’s Belgian Autumn. Both books have a similar approach, they both start from historically documented criminal cases and -being artworks- succeed in transcending reality by mixing up the elements of the real story and thus bringing it at the narrative level of a fiction. Lots of plot-openings and strong associations are created in which the photo-reader can loose him/herself. Jan Rosseel calls his own technique 'confabulation’. Our memory fills in gaps with other information held to be true.  Calling his photobook a confabulated history is audaciously choosing for balancing the thin line between truth and fiction. Jan Rosseels whole oeuvre now seems to tilt towards  confabulated historical journalism. In a new project he is digging into a different era, - a few years further back into time, with a project/story on the Moluccan train-jackings  in Holland - 1977.

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According to witness accounts, one of the assailants in Braine-l’Alleud wore a mask depicting French president François Mitterand © Jan Rosseel

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Piece of evidence found in the Brussels-Charleroi Canal © Jan Rosseel

Approach
The book contains landscapes, archive material and photographed items (still life). All objects and landscapes are sought for. The object are arranged, staged. Functional in serving a narrative. Not all of the objects in the book are actual case objects. Jan Rosseel drew inspiration from different stories and different angles. But, some of the objects are indeed real evidence, which he was allowed to photograph. 

The book collages these different pictures into a precisely mould notebook-like  fictitious investigation file. The bookdesign has a nice double-folding linen cover flapping open and thus showing 'open back’ binding.
You enter the book through dark woods, these are the first pages. In a manner of speaking, the viewer  is driven, nervously,  though pitchblack pineforest. Headlights. Streetlights. Fog. Something is terribly wrong. You think of buried bodies. A shoveling. But maybe you have watched too many series on TV. On one of the next pages you see three cops leaning against an 80’s Renault R4, their faces made unrecognisable with a black dot. There is something humourous going on here. How strange in this context. This sardonic tongue in cheek tiptoeing goes on with two, in the book loosely inserted, arms-magazines and car-magazines ( e.g. A magazine on the 80’s VW GTI ( the notorious getaway car in these crimes –the police didn’t have such turbo-speed-power (yet) – fancy the R4 chasing the VW ). This specific kind of humour  certainly does counterbalance the seriousness of the overall theme and brings about a paradoxical 'fraicheur’.

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Brussels-Charleroi Canal in Ronquières © Jan Rosseel
In 1986, some bags filled with weapons were dredged out of the Brussels-Charleroi canal near Ronquières. The weapons had been used by the Gang of Nivelles and were dumped in the canal in 1985, shortly after their raid in Aalst.

Another unsolved Mystery.
Belgian Autumn is a dark, compelling, wry, bittersweet photobook. Nothing grainy. The selections, the photography and the design are crisp-clear and stark. It has a strong backbone. Probably due to the long time it took to come to this point in the processus. A well kept secret is the fact that there has been a predecessing self published edition of 28 which not too many people have seen. They were all sold immediately. Rumour has it that a certain mr. Parr would have some in his possession. But that might be just silly hearsay. They were -quite sexy- bound in a rubber band and contained -almost- the same material as the now published Hannibal edition. Our advice: get your copy of the latter and have a blast comparing it with the firstborn edition here at display in this movie

© Jan Rosseel | urbanautica Belgium

PHILIPPE BAZIN. LIKE SPONGES

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BY DAVID MARLE’

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© Philippe Bazin, Sans titre, série ‘Nés’, 1998-1999

Dear Philippe, one of your last photographic works titled ‘Dans Paris’ and formerly titled ‘Les invisibles’, moved me in a way that only a few works have done before. Can you explain what that project is about, how it did happened and about your aesthetic, political choices and point of views?

Philippe Bazin (PB) - Dear David, the work is really called ‘Dans Paris’. I abandoned the title ‘Les Invisibles’ for many reasons: the main one is that it refers to invisibility in terms of image. But, as we know, it’s not because you show the image of a person that this person becomes visible for everybody. Maybe, the media believe it, or would like us to believe it, but in fact, the possibility to be really visible in a public area is a political construction, not a media created one. And it gets more and more complicated. So, ‘Dans Paris’ is a photographic work on unseen migrants in Paris. This series of 36 photos shows 36 places in center town where a young migrant used to live before he was murdered in a public square near Gare de l'Est. The city looks empty, but each photograph was taken during week days and open hours. The images never show any migrant person, but show the impossibility for them to appear as citizens. That’s how ‘Dans Paris’ is a political/aesthetic project. The emptiness of the city is an aesthetic choice to show how local people are politically orchestrated not to see the migrants and how the society and the city has been built to have them visually secluded.

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© Philippe Bazin, Sans titre, série Dans Paris, 2009-2011.

I would like to ask why you are a photographer of  lost causes? You seem to deny any possibility for your images to get sexy, and in some cases, even hangable on a wall: From the early ‘Faces: Les Vieillards’, that you photograph in order to stop forgetting them, to ‘Nés’ or ‘Les Antichambres’ or ‘Les Bourgeois de Calais’ or the ‘Battle Landscapes’ you are such a disturbing photographer producing such disturbing photographs… Why?

PB - Strange that you look my work as “lost causes”! I think,the opposite in that my subjects are in the middle of our society as signs we have to try to understand. They are our future. It was the case with the old people in the 80’s; and in France we waited the 2000’s to have a real engagment from the Government on the question. Actually, I’m interested in migration, not because it is in the air, but because I think it’s with migrants that the question of citizenship is strongly posed to all of us. We are living in post-colonial societies, nationalist european countries, and it seems to me that those concepts died a long time ago, with the two world wars of the XXe century. Migrants send us some good questions: where are the problems of our rich world which is abandoning democracy to the “benefit” of a Schengen Europe. The same with the new forms of protests in the last fifteen years against the globalisation of corruption, the dissemination of Mafias everywhere at the main levels of power in both economic and politic areas. Of course, these questions are not sexy and bankable, neither hangable.

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© Philippe Bazin, Sans titre, série ‘Faces’, Les Vieillards, 1985-1986

I see an interconnected city, with links, wires, pipes, roads, path, borders, cars, and even some greenery. It is so dense and in same time so empty. It looks like a machine to me, or to refer to your other life as a medical doctor, it looks like a body and I can clearly see the disease. Something goes wrong. None of your pictures can make me at ease. What is that malaise? And how do you succeed in showing uneasiness and absence in the images? These are abstract notions?

PB - Your questions are difficult. How I proceed? I don’t know really. I feel this disease because of my information on the subject. But there is no conscious way to present it in a photo. I feel it. My disposition of mind creates that. I commonly say that there is a blind point in the work of a photographer, something we don’t see, we don’t think, but something we feel, deeply. But this blind point is prepared by experience of the subject, and by all we have done before. Difficult to say better…
What is important with ‘Dans Paris’ is that people feel it goes wrong and that it is impossible to say exactly what goes wrong because it is only in the construction of the image. Maybe I’m not placed where I’m supposed to in order to take the picture or where the public expects me to shoot from?

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© Philippe Bazin, Sans titre, série ‘Antichambres’, Pologne, 2008

So Photography is to you a first phase of studying, research, analysis on a subject, its anchorage in arts, its geo-political and historical context, then full of that theoretical knowledge, you go on the field with a pre-determined idea of which picture you wish to make, which type of camera you want to use. How would you describe the second phase? How would you describe the physical act of taking pictures? Like a long march through the desert in search for what has been been so precisely prepared and matured, a quest for the images to complete the project? Like being drawn into a precognitive level of action? Like a fight?

PB - Of course there is a part of studying, researching, analyzing before taking photographs, but that’s not the end of it! After all that, nothing is really prepared. Documentary photographers need to be like sponges, to be ready for what happens and understand what happens. For example, in Poland in 2008 I photographed in 18 Refugee Centers for Asylum Seekers. The first day, in the first center, a refugee came and asked me to photograph his room, with his things hanging on the wall. After that, I photographed many different places, many different subjects, but finally, back in France, I decided to keep only the photographs of the rooms people asked me to photograph. It was such a strong experience in different centers, but all my knowledge before going to Poland was not directly useful. Anyway, if you are full of useless information, you also need to be very careful about what people say and what is your real experience. So,when taking photos one needs to know many things and… to also to forget them and not to think to them every time. Something more intuitive is necessary, but I need to keep calm, cold and to work with the memory of what happened yesterday or the day before. It’s not a fight, I’m not fetishist with cameras nor with people. And I don’t seek for images thatI would have imagined before.

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© Philippe Bazin, Sans titre, série ‘Les Bourgeois de Calais’, Calais 1994

Then comes the third phase, showing your work. How do you proceed? Which is the right way to make these images count? Publishing, exhibitions, web?

PB - I think that the exhibition as art is a dead concept, it comes from the Universal Exhibitions of the XIXth century, like the Crystal Palace in 1851 in London. We have now to enter into « discussion ». when considering documentary photography the exhibition is not the only way to show the work. The complexity of it is not often reinforced by the process of exhibition. One of the reasons is that we can see in the field of art more and more collective shows, and less single shows. We need dedicated spaces for documentary photography, and a lot of space to develop the purpose of the work. Most of contemporary art is developed in Biennales and art fairs. The galleries are more and more little spaces becauses their existence relies on gaining access to biennales and fairs. There is less and less interest in exhibiting in such little spaces. Another reason is the relationship between the work and the market value. Documentary photography can’t be looked upon as painting, a singular piece of art. Nobody wants to consider a hundred photographs (or more) as one piece of art. Very few people can understand that. And if yes, they consider it is very expensive. Another reason is how photography is considered in the field of art when it has not the evident signs of art in it.

So, sometime my work needs exhibition, as the project ‘Le Musée du silence’, sometimes it cannot exist without a book, as ‘John Brown’s Body’. But anytime, it is possible to have discussions on the work, even with a few people, and actually this is my main activity as an artist. Before the XIXth century, art existed for that, for discussion. It was the situation during the Enlightment period, for example. The concept of exhibition was created to sell goods, machines etc… It immediately changed the situation of art which was included in these Universal Exhibitions. Exactly at the moment when photography appeared…

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© Philippe Bazin, Sans titre, série ‘John Brown’s Body’, Lake Placid, 2009

My field is documentary photography, maybe it’s not an art, but from that kind of photography comes the main questions that are addressed to the art field. As you know, the appearance of photography changed the situation of art during the XIXth century. Not only visual arts, but also literature for example. Photography created the possibility to reproduce art Then art could allow consideration of the medium as a real subject of art that is separated from representation, and finally the question was the end of the cultural dimension of art which was replaced by its technical and medium aspects. Walter Benjamin, and also André Bazin, were very clear with that. But many practices of photographers tried to go back to paintings purposes, which you can see even in photojournalism, or even in the evolution of the Becher’s School. I think real documentary photography refuses that background. So it remains a question for art.

Philipe, to help us understand your work, maybe you can tell us about the artists who had and/or still are influencing  your photography in some way? I know your particular interest for Bruno Serralongue or Allan Sekula…

PB - I think the first influence I received came from Weegee ! I was visiting friends in Berlin in 1980, not interested in photography, but they wanted to visit an exhibition of his work. It was very strange, it was impossible for me to understand what I was looking at ! I was completely astonished.

Coming back to Paris, I entered in a little gallery rue Quincampoix, and discovered an exhibition of Dieter Appelt, very disturbing for me at that time. Wonderful prints, but everywhere the head of a dead man covered by earth. Then, when I began to photograph a few month later, I wanted to have good quality development and printing. I followed a two days workshop with Jean Dieuzaide, and discovered, because of him, Diane Arbus, August Sander, Lewis Hine, the Farm Security Administration mission… These photographers are always great references for me. But sometime, references are also against who you are : for myself I immediatly felt the danger of photojournalism for my art project and was strongly against Henri Cartier-Bresson and his “decisive moment”. Good thing to quickly know what you don’t want to do…

Actually, I’m very interested in Documentary photography, which is exactly opposite to Photojournalism. I received a strong influence from Lewis Baltz, I worked with him as assistant, and from Allan Sekula, but later. I’m very interested in Martha Rosler (I worked on San Diego School recently), and, in France, by Bruno Serralongue and Olivier Ménanteau. In general there is a very good French school of my generation, which is mature now, but mainly unseen, with Jean-Louis Garnell, Jean-Luc Moulène, Patrick Tosani, Patrick Faigenbaum, Florence Chevallier, Yves Trémorin, Marc Pataut, Sophie Ristelhueber, Eric Poitevin, Thibault Cuisset and some others.

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© Philippe Bazin, Le Mur II, série Le Musée du silence, Istanbul 2013

To me ‘John Brown’s body’ is the work that summarizes how you mix the  political / literature / visual / conceptual / historical points of view, Can you explain that project and what it leads to?

PB - In 2007, I read “Cloud Splitter” by Russell Banks, my favorite American writer. It’s his main book, his “chef d'oeuvre”, maybe. The book narrates the story of John Brown, an American abolitionist of the nineteenth century. Finally, after years of conferences and writings, he decided to fight with guns against the USA to try to free the slaves. He didn’t succeed and was arrested. The  US Government suggested that he plead insanity but he refused and was hanged in 1859. Thoreau, Emerson, and in France Victor Hugo protested against that, very strongly. After that, the ideas of John Brown remained in the minds of black people in USA, for whom he was, until Malcom X, the main thinker regarding black freedom, but not in the pacifist way. Just after the Banks’s book was published, it was “Eleven one”. The figure of John Brown came back to discuss the question of terrorism and its legitimacy. For example, I participated in 2009 at a seminar on “Was John Brown a terrorist?”. It was at Lake Placid, where John Brown’s grave is situated. This place is now a National Monument. I visited it in summer 2007, then decided to work with local activists interested in Brown’s ideas : against modern slavery, against racism, for soldiers coming back from Iraq and completely lost in their mind, etc… But this happens in a strange region, the North of New York State, very conservative, mainly interested in snow sports (Lake Placid is a city of Olympic Winter Games), by trekking in the mountains. The people like very much the Adirondack’s Style, a decorative style for wood houses, coming from influences of both amerindian and colonial civilization. I wanted to question all those fields together, it was an ambitious project in the manner of documentary photography. What is important in that aesthetic way is the montage, the confrontation of thoughts which are different, sometime opposite : it creates the ruptures, the mental space for reflexion and discussion. The spectator has to think about his own answers by him-herself. This work is a project of a book, but actually, I didn’t succeed in making it. It is seen only on the web.

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© Philippe Bazin, Sans titre, série ‘John Brown’s Body’, Lake Placid, 2009

You would like to make us think? How unfair is that!

PB - Yes of course. I know people like to be astonished in front of a piece of art, they like to be taken by emotions, marvellousness, etc… For myself, I believe in intelligence of people, their capacity to think, to develop their possibilities to understand questions, to enter in a kind of dialogue with the artist. I think people can feel emotions in that way, too. Christiane Vollaire calls that « documentary emotions ». It’s not the immediate satisfaction of a desire, which is expected of consumerism, even in the art field. It’s the constuction of a personnal and critical field of thinking for each spectator. But you’re right, how unfair it is!

© Philipe Bazin | urbanautica France

VIENNA PHOTOBOOK FESTIVAL (PART 1): XIAOXIAO XU

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BY BÄRBEL PRAUN

For the third time, the Vienna Photobook Festival was held last weekend with its focus on the photobook, initiated by Anzenberger Gallery and Ostlicht.Gallery for Photography. With 80 international booksellers, lectures (e.g. by Colin Pantall, Michael Mack, Nicolo Degiorgis and Ania Nalecka) and exhibitions the event offered a quite overwhelming program. Also, 30 photographers had the chance to show their dummies and unpublished photo books at the Book Review. The ViennaPhotoBookAward’s first prize was won by Mark Duffy with his book ‘Vote No. 1′, the 2nd prize went to ‘Instant Tomorrow’ by Dmitry Lookianov. After their reviews I interviewed three photographers: in an intriguing and personal, yet very different way they tell stories about origin, identity, family and friends, hopes and dreams. Today’s interview is with photographer Xiaoxiao Xu about her book ‘Aeronautics In The Backyard’, 2015. Xiaoxiao Xu, born in China, lives in the Netherlands since 1999. 

For your series ‘Aeronautics In The Backyard’ you travelled to your home country China, documenting people who share a big dream. Can you tell us what the story is about?

Xiaoxiao Xu (XX) - All over China, individual farmers started building their own designs of airplanes, most of the time working out on their own backyards. Not every design is equally successful. Some of these amateur planes are very dangerous and hardly functioning, some planes aren’t even meant to work at all, yet some designs work so well that they get recognized by the professional market. Either way, this is not the main goal for these aeronauts. They are not in it for the money, they simply build in search of new alternatives; cheaper, lighter, stranger and better ways to fly. Some of these aeronauts have worked for decades but never achieved to get airborne. Although that might sound like a waste of time, they see it differently. For them, the game is not about how far or high they can fly, it’s about pushing their boundaries in order to achieve the impossible. They call it real-life science-fiction. ‘Aeronautics In the Backyard’ shines a light on what it’s like to live in the service of aeronautics, what it’s like to wake up one day and decide to leave the ground and sail the air, no matter how crazy the neighbors think you are.

© Xiaoxiao Xu from the series ‘Aeronautics In The Backyard’, 2015

Please tell us about your approach turning the series into a book, how did you develop the concept?

XX - Once back from my journey, I began to organize all the materials I collected. I realized soon I needed a medium to order, to show and to unfold the story. A book is a suitable way to do this. I can use different kinds of papers in the book to present and reference different kinds of materials and moods.
You can hold the book in your hand like a little treasure, the dream stories from the Chinese farmer-aeronauts are little treasures, and the book allows the viewer to hold the dream in their hands and to have an intimate moment with it.

In your book your photographs go along with drawings, technical documents and text. How important was this combination for you?

XX - Driven by questions of why, of all people, Chinese farmers have the guts and skills to become aeronauts, even though they lack both education and resources, and how they manage to achieve such dazzling goals while working full-time jobs on the side and taking care of their families on a daily basis. I embarked on a road trip that unveiling the hidden world of Chinese aeronauts. In this context, it’s not only their imaginary designs that counts, but rather the story behind the building of their dreams: Why they actually decide to give building aircrafts a try, regardless of the lack of recourses, multiple failures and life-threatening accidents. 

© Xiaoxiao Xu from the series ‘Aeronautics In The Backyard’, 2015

To fulfill these questions I wanted to know their tales better by interviewing them and collecting their inspirations and original sketches. All these little artifacts are brought together to deepen and broaden the story and build a richer and more complete narrative. For example, I took a portrait of the 40 years old builder Xu Bin and in his archive I found a very old photo whereupon you can see him as a 20 year old young man sitting in his very first self built helicopter with a big smile on his face. Put these two photographs together you can sense the time and his persistency through the years. In his interview you can read his story: How and why he started to build the aircraft and what he has been through all these years. The documents, the photographs and the text complement each other and tell the story in full detail.

© Xiaoxiao Xu from the series ‘Aeronautics In The Backyard’, 2015

Talking about the Vienna Photobook Festival now: what were your review talks like, have you received any useful advice and feedback? Would you recommend other photographers to attend those events?  

XX - I had reviews with the professionals from the different fields. One is curator, collector, the other is publisher or people from the magazine. It was good to hear different voices from different perspectives. The advices vary from design, content till marketing and promoting. It’s good for photographers to showcase their works here and build up contacts for the future.

Are there any book discoveries you made at the festival you would like to share with us?

XX - I rediscovered the dreamy and poetic book ‘Ametsuchi’ from Rinko Kawauchi at the festival after seeing her great exhibition in Kunst Haus. I was impressed again by her view at the universe, shifted from micro to the macro and perfect in balance.

© Xiaoxiao Xu | urbanautica Austria

ROBERT GLAS. THE DOUBLE BIND

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BY SANNE KABALT

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© Robert Glas
Document of Identity
Dutch identity card, framed (26 x 24 cm)
2013

1. You were trained as a photographer. How did your educational path influence you? What is photography to you? 

I wanted to study documentary photography because I thought of it as a way to combine making pictures with an interest and concern with all kind of societal topics. A combination, I soon found out, that is far from unproblematic. In documentary photography a vast amount of terminology, tools and theory is developed to deal with the problems inherent to this combination of image making and socio-political engagement. But over time I experienced this medium-centered thinking as more limiting than useful: as a maker you can address any problem concerning photography, as long as the solution is another way of dealing with… photography. Seen in this way photography is not only the centre of this discourse, but also its horizon, the thing it cannot see—not think—beyond. Almost like the wry humour Henry Ford used to sell his assembly line produced T-Ford: “You can have any colour, as long as it’s black.” I’m not arguing that there isn’t enough variety, but I do see an awful lot of photographic projects with that edgy aura of radicalness that makes me wonder: ‘Did you use photography because it was what the subject asked you, or just because you happen to be good at it?’ Following this kind of thinking, I try to see the medium of photography as one of the options, one of the tools available, in order to come to a practice which doesn’t place one medium at its centre, but an interest or a theme instead.

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© Robert Glas
Transpose (I am also who I am)
Performance (12 min.)
2014

2. Do you remember a moment or conversation in your career that allowed you to better understand your work?

The idea that my work is somehow already there and that I just have to understand it better is quite strange to me. Most helpful were the moments in which I understood better the work of others. Mostly the work of socio-political engaged artists looking with one eye to sixties’ Conceptual Art, which in itself strikes me as a moment in time where makers got a clearer view of the artistic practice as a whole. By focusing less on the work itself, they developed a much deeper understanding of how a work of art functions in its contexts. This kind of institutional criticism is very much alive today in the artists whose work I’m drawn to.

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© Robert Glas
“Herkomstland — de roman gaat enkele reis heten”
(Country of origin — The novel will be called One-Way)
Publication (A4, 84 pages)
Laserprint, stencilprint
2014

3. How would you describe your research in general?

My practice developed into an ongoing investigation on how citizens and human beings relate to nation-states. How bodies are locked in and out and what kind of technologies are deployed to do so. It’s about the kind of narratives generated to justify the attempt to hold on to this specific kind of nation-state, with very open borders when it comes to goods and capital and almost closed borders when it comes to people. A model, of course, mostly beneficial to its inventors.

When I was writing my master thesis, I spent quite some time thinking about the following question: to what extent, besides addressing and increasing awareness or evoking empathy, can art contribute to the improvement of a situation in a very direct way? In the end: to merely address or represent, comes down to leaving even an attempt to a solution to others. One can see this as modest, or having a very clear understanding about what the role of an artist or photographer in the whole is, but there is some nihilism to it as well. Whatever its justification may be, the motivation is very clear. The idea that the mere representation of a problem contributes to its solution is very beneficiary to us makers, for it seemingly solves quite a few mayor ethical problems. I’m afraid however, that the model is less and less effective in a world so saturated with representation. It’s on our Facebook feed day in day out. Such a conclusion creates a direct urge to think beyond the ‘to-represent-is-to-help’ paradigm. It automatically leads up to the question with which quite a bit of today’s artist, writers, etc. are occupied: does socio-political art which is not about representation—a concept rooted so deeply in art throughout the histories—have any chance to function and survive? 

Yet, at the same time, the performative factor is already present in everyone’s practice. Let me put it crudely. Think of a single framed photograph for example: even if no one sees it, still a tree has been cut for the frame. Let’s assume that picture framed by it shows the horrible effects of deforestation. There you have it: this work increases on a performative level what it tries to diminish on a representational level. It’s key to create works in which the both levels strengthen instead of weaken each other.

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© Robert Glas
“Herkomstland — Others have become your own and now your dreams will also be fulfilled”
Inkjetprint (109 x 91 cm), Laserprint (A4), DVD box
2014

4. Recently you have filed a lawsuit against the state. Can you tell me a little more about that?

The State of the Netherlands detains unwanted foreigners, mostly without a suspicion or conviction of any crime. I requested to photograph the cells and other means used for this policy, mostly because very little material of it is available. After the complete rejection of my request for permission, my lawyer Frans-Willem Verbaas and I decided to prosecute the State to fight this rejection. Now, a year later, after the rejection and going to court twice, the photo’s have been taken and I have published them in Vrij Nederland, a weekly magazine.

The whole experience exemplifies the above mentioned double bind in my work. Yes, one could argue this is just about representation. On the other hand, through the lawsuit, I’ve tried to create a legal precedent and break through a media policy of the Dutch Ministry of Security and Justice close to the point of state-censorship.

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© Robert Glas, Publication in Vrij Nederland, 2015

5. How do you decide whether a project needs to be presented as a performance or a book or an installation, etcetera?

I’ve to take a small detour to answer this one. Next to the project mentioned above, I’m currently working on a video-piece about a story written by Franz Kafka. The story was published in 1915 and later became part of the penultimate chapter of his posthumously published novel 'The Trial’. When Orson Welles prepared his film adaptation, he decided to use this short story, entitled 'Before the Law’, as the opening prologue. Welles asked his friend animator Alexandre Alexeïeff  to make a short clip accompanying the text. Alexeïeff used a 'pinscreen'—which he invented—to make the animation for Welles.  

For the past years, I have reread the story several times, a parable about a man waiting at the gate of the Law and trying to get in. However, it was only when I discovered that the pinscreen is made with a wall perforated by thousands of needles and that Alexeïeff was a refugee fleeing the 1917 Russian revolution, that I decided to do something with it. I was very interested in the specific medium in combination with the history of its inventor and the original story he told with it: ‘Before the Law’. So to answer your question: it very often happens like this. It’s not at all like there’s a story first and then I have to search for a suitable medium. It’s already there.

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© Robert Glas
Slechte vingers
(Literally: Bad fingers. 'Bad’ in this case means: auto-mutilated to prevent the recognition of fingerprints)
19 inkjetprints (10 x 15 cm),
Floatglass, cardboard
2010

© Robert Glas | urbanautica The Netherlands


EVELYN HOFER. RETROSPECTIVE

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Museum Villa Stuck
18.06.2015 - 20.09.2015

Evelyn Hofer: Queensboro Bridge, New York 1964 
Courtesy Galerie m Bochum © Estate of Evelyn Hofer

This summer the Museum Villa Stuck presents a comprehensive retrospective of the photographer Evelyn Hofer (1922–2009). Including a selection of about 200 works, the exhibition highlights both Hofer’s well-known photographs and her lesser-known works. For the first time in Germany, Hofer’s complete œuvre will be on view, as works from all stages of her career are presented with a special focus on the photo essays for magazines. Close cooperation with the estate of Evelyn Hofer made it possible for us to examine all photographs and archival material, allowing us to conduct extensive research at the Museum Villa Stuck over the past years.

The Museum Villa Stuck has repeatedly focused on the work of internationally renowned women photographers, as, for example, Grete Stern (1997), Helen Levitt (1998/99), Madame Yevonde (1999/2000), Herlinde Koelbl (2008), and, most recently, Regina Schmeken (2014). The comprehensive retrospective of Evelyn Hofer continues this tradition at the Museum Villa Stuck. Particularly noteworthy in this regard is Evelyn Hofer’s connection to Franz von Stuck’s mansion: photographs she took of the living quarters were published in House and Garden as well as in Vogue in 1986. Dubbed “the most famous ‘unknown’ photographer of America” by American art critic Hilton Kramer, Evelyn Hofer’s work from the 1940s on spans the genres of architecture, landscape, interior, still life, and portrait, with her famous city portraits representing a major special category. Born in Marburg, Germany, in 1922, Hofer immigrated with her family to Switzerland in 1933, where she started an apprenticeship at the Bettina photo atelier in Zürich in 1941. She also took lessons with Hilmar Lokay and Robert Spreng in Basel as well as with Hans Finsler. After spending several years in Mexico from 1942 on, Hofer eventually moved to New York in 1946 where she embarked on a free-lance career as a photographer for journals and magazines.

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Evelyn Hofer: Miranda [Richardson], London 1980
Courtesy Galerie m Bochum © Estate of Evelyn Hofer

In 1959 Hofer worked on her first book project about Florence. Commissioned to illustrate a travel account about the Tuscan city, the photographs she took transcend mere direct illustrations. Hofer explored and observed her subjects for a long time to take in the light and atmosphere, before ultimately reaching for the camera to capture what she registered subjectively: an approach that is characteristic of her entire way of working. In subsequent publications about London (1962), Spain (1964), New York (1965), Washington (1966), and Dublin (1967) she captured the history of the place and the people she met on the street with her distinct photographic means. In her city portraits Hofer established characteristic subjects and themes that became leitmotifs of her work as a whole. The formal structure of her portraits, in particular, calls to mind the pictorial conception one is familiar with from August Sander—a tradition she independently developed further.

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Evelyn Hofer: Via Appia Antica, Rome 1987 © Estate of Evelyn Hofer

In the 1970s, Hofer travelled around the world for magazines, focusing her camera on society-related subjects as well as on the art world. She created portraits and series about painters and writers as well as first still lifes, countless interiors and photographs of famous houses. During this time Hofer also created her political and social photographic essays for magazines such as Life International, the London Sunday Times Magazine and The New York Times Magazine. Photographs about the Watergate scandal (1974), as well as photo series about British prisons (1975) and Wadowice (1979), the birthplace of John Paul II, provide insights into a major body of work that has hitherto been largely ignored. Countless publications bear witness to Hofer’s subtle and sensitive take on issues of the day.

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Evelyn Hofer: Phoenix Park on a Sunday, Dublin 1966
Courtesy Galerie m Bochum © Estate of Evelyn Hofer

Far removed from the snapshot aesthetics that was popular in the 1970s and 1980s, classical criteria are central to Evelyn Hofer’s work. She precisely defines form and design, focusing on what is essential and convincing with clarity of detail and balanced composition. Hofer aimed to provide an interpretation of the world that transcends the merely documentary moment and combines both the zeitgeist and a certain timelessness. A comprehensive monograph is published in conjunction with the exhibition. Essays by Catharina Graf, Andreas Pauly, Sabine Schmid, Bernd Stiegler, and Thomas Weski as well as an extensive appendix subject Hofer’s œuvre to scholarly analysis. Published by Steidl Verlag.

© Museum Villa Stuck  | urbanautica Photo Exhibit Germany

THE RODCHENKO’S CIRCLE. STYLISH PEOPLE

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BY A. N. LAVRENTIEV

Y. Brodsky. Alexander Rodchenko during the shootings on the stadium “Dinamo”. Moscow. 1934. The collection of the Moscow House of Photography

We rarely notice how famous artists, writers or musicians are dressed. We remember their faces, conversation, different events. In reality, however, every man has his own style, which manifests itself, among other things, in clothes.

The way a person behaves, talks, looks or dresses becomes especially significant when there is a drastic break with the past, a radical change in cultural tradition. One example of this would be the 1920s, when clothes were influenced by the Futurist or Constructivist aesthetics. In some cases it was important to amaze the audience, in others — to demonstrate self-assurance. The circle of friends and acquaintances of the photographer and artist Aleksandr Rodchenko and of his wife Varvara Stepanova in terms of dress was marked by solid rationalism and, at the same time, by artistic freedom of pose and gesture.

It is interesting to take a closer look at the people of this milieu depicted on Rodchenko’s photographs between 1924 and the 1940s. The men belonging to the movie industry, such as Aleksei Gan, Lev Kuleshov or Boris Barnet, are dressed with a tinge of military mechanisation. Leather coats and jackets, puttees, cloth caps, sometimes dashingly cocked, motorcycle goggles and gauntlets. All these are elements of professional uniform. A director or a documentary cameraman usually spends most of his time outdoors. His clothes should protect from bad weather and at the same time should be easily spotted by the crew. It is a combination of a certain degree of affectation and rationalism. Aleksandr Dovzhenko is the only person on Rodchenko’s photographs, who is dressed somewhat differently — in a more conventional costume. But even he does not look commonplace, because of the expressive hairstyle, turn of the head and lighting.

Alexander Rodchenko. Lilia Brik in gauzy dress. 1924. The collection of the Moscow House of Photography

Photo-reporters are more moderately dressed. Some, like Vadim Kovrigin, wear a service-jacket, others — an ordinary Moscow-made suit or simply trousers with a white shirt. These people must not attract too much attention. Their object is to observe. Even the postures of the photographers seem somewhat alienated from the object they are shooting, be it a stadium or a construction site. Writers look, so to say, more domestic. Sergei Tretiakov is wearing a long shirt of a particular style, fashionable in the 1920s, a design made popular by Leo Tolstoy. Only Vladimir Mayakovski is dressed in a spick and span suit as if he just returned from a public debate on literature. Being exceptionally neatly dressed in order to look perfect on stage is a weapon as important for him as a sharp word.

Women of this circle also have their individual style. A full shot of one of Rodchenko’s well-known photographs, «Portrait of my Mother», shows some things about her attitude towards clothes. She wears a dress typical for an aged woman, who lived at a time when every social group could be identified by its costume. State officials wore long overcoats; people from the intelligentsia of a common origin, the so-called raznochintsy, went along with their shirts outside their trousers, the latter stuck into the boots; working women were clad in long dark-coloured dresses made of soft flannel or spotted cotton. Only seven years have passed since the revolution, but on Rodchenko’s photographs one does not see practically any traces of this division in costume. Something else appears — a desire to look modern. Rodchenko invents his own outfit of an engineer-constructor with many pockets for instruments, which he wears while teaching students at the VKhUTEMAS. Posing for Mikhail Kaufman, Rodchenko readily demonstrates this «uniform», which Varvara Stepanova made after his own design. Stepanova knew well how to cut out and sew; she was taught this in school in the pre-revolutionary years. In 1916 in Moscow she bought a Zinger sewing-machine, which in those days was something really valuable.

Alexander Rodchenko. Three women-reporters: Krasnyavskaya, Elizaveta Ignatovich, Evgeniya Lemberg. 1934. Modern print from artist’s negative. MAMM collection

Other photographs show a completely different Rodchenko. In 1925, during the opening of the Decorative Arts Exhibition in Paris, he looks like an elegant man of the world wearing the inevitable three-piece suit and a hat. Screen test for Sergei Eisenstein’s film «Old and New» show Rodchenko and Stepanova impersonating a pair of foreigners on a visit to Russia. The photographer is wearing a leather coat and a cap-helmet (Rodchenko had this coat for thirty years). Stepanova is laughing heartily, her head with a large cap drawn back. In this work they look like some Dutch architects or artists from the De Stijl Group.

Alexander Rodchenko. Photographer Alexander Khlebnikov. 1950. Modern print from artist’s negative. MAMM collection

In the 1930s and 1940s Rodchenko still preserved his personal style in clothes. He grew bald early and it is hard to imagine him with long hair. Mayakovski, Tretiakov and the architect Aleksand Vlasov had the same hairless heads. Part of Rodchenko’s wardrobe was bought in stores, for example, puttees, shoes, ties; part — made by Stepanova using thick wool or flannel. Any garment was expected to be comfortable and serve for a long time. All his life Rodchenko’s dress was influenced by Constructivism, with a single style for different occasions.

Stepanova, it seems, was more flexible concerning her attire. She knew how to improvise when her husband was photographing her — sometimes as a young Komsomol girl in a kerchief, sometimes an office lady or a Frenchwoman.

When in the spring of 1924 Lilia Brik came to Rodchenko’s and Stepanova’s studio to be photographed, it appears that she brought with her a whole suitcase filled with clothes. There was a woollen conservative-looking suit, created by her tailor. Young Luella Krasnoshiokova posed alongside Lilia in a costume of the same fabric. There was also a silk goldish dress and a see-through black gauze dress, which is worn by Lilia Brik with nothing underneath, reminiscent of the style of Isadora Duncan. Some dresses made of course linen were created in Lamanova’s atelier. Lilia also purchased a cap, gloves and a special dress to drive her «Renault». She was proud to state that she was the only woman in Moscow, except for the French ambassador’s wife, to drive an automobile.

Alexander Rodchenko. Repair of the wheel. From the ‘Voyage to Leningrad on the Mayakovsky’s car Renault’ series. 1929. Modern print from artist’s negative. MAMM collection

Every member of Rodchenko’s circle is marked by his or her unique style in clothes, reflecting the interior style of a particular individuality. These photographs faithfully represent both of them.

© MAMM | urbanautica Russia

BETWEEN THE PESSIMISM OF THE INTELLECT AND THE OPTIMISM OF THE WILL

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5th Thessaloniki Biennale of Contemporary Art

The title of the main exhibition of the 5th Thessaloniki Biennale of Contemporary Art (curated by Katerina Gregos) is inspired by an aphorism invoked by the Marxist thinker and politician Antonio Gramsci in the Prison Notebooks (Quaderni del carcere) written between 1929 and 1935. Gramsci wrote: “The challenge of modernity is to live without illusions and without becoming disillusioned […] I’m a pessimist because of intelligence, but an optimist because of will.” The exhibition takes Gramsci’s aphorism as a point of departure to reflect on the current crisis that governs much of the Mediterranean region, the geographic focus of the Biennale. Gramsci defined crisis as a situation where “the old is dying and the new cannot be born”. “Pessimism of the intellect” entails a critical view of things as they are. “Optimism of the will”, evokes the imagination, and the call to action necessary to overcome adversity. It is precisely between these two mental poles that much of the Mediterranean finds itself today. The artists in the exhibition explore the multiple manifestations of this duality, engage in critical, oppositional cultural practices, and exercise the freedom of the imagination, thus symbolically engaging with Gramsci’s aphorism to look into and beyond the current crisis, allowing for what Ernst Bloch has called “forward dreaming”.

The Depression Era “Room” was curated by members of the collective: Fysakis Pavlos, Gioti Marina, Kapsianis Kostas, Langis Tassos, Prinos Yorgos, Salameh Georges, Tsoumplekas Dimitris, Voulgari Chrissoula.

Artists: Charisis Giorgos, Fysakis Pavlos, Hadjiaslanis Yiannis, Hatziyannaki Zoe, Hatziharalampous Eirini, Gialidou Korina, Giselidou Vera, Gripeos Giorgos, Doumpenidis Konstantinos, Drivas George, Kakoulidis Harry, Kafkas Yiannis, Kapsianis Kostas, Kiamos Panos, Kokkinos Akis, Komini Lena, Langis Tassos, Massouridou Mari, Mavropoulou Maria, Michailidou maria, Michalakis Dimitris, Moutafis Giorgos, Nikitaki Margarita, Paraskevopoulou Asimina, Pliatsikas Andreas, Prinos Yorgos, Rapakoussis Dimitris, Rozi Anthi, Salameh Georges, Spagouros Vassilis, Staveris Spyros, Stathopoulos Kosmas, Stefatou Olga, Tatsis Vaggelis, Theodoropoulos Yiannis, Tsagkarakis Marinos, Tsagkatakis Sotiris, Tsoumplekas Dimitris, Van Versendaal Harry, Vasilikos Lukas, Vorgia Pasqua, Vourloumis Eirini

Design: Βabasikas Petros | Production: Tsagkarakis Marinos | Development live feed: Dimitris Marlagkoutsos

The 5th Thessaloniki Biennale of Contemporary Art under the title “Between the Pessimism of the Intellect and the Optimism of the Will’’ will take place from June 23, 2015 to September 30, 2015. Forty-four artists and the collective group Depression Era, from 25 countries all around the world will show their artworks, new and old productions.

The Depression Era collective presents a group project, installed in a room of 8x9 metres, forming a common thesis about our place and time. When in a constant and deep crisis, one loses mainly two things:  ones sustenance – work, food, capital, basic resources – but also ones visibility – the possibility for a person’s story to exist and be heard or seen by others.  Depression Era makes some of these lost stories visible and heard again, presenting them in the public sphere as a new network of stories:  a mosaic of images, video and texts taking us past the age of happy endings.

The installation features works of the members of Depression Era and projects produced through the collective’s year-long collaboration with emerging artists in a series of artistic workshops.

The project has no beginning, middle, or ending.  It creates intersections and continuous entanglements on the room’s vertical and horizontal surfaces, against a digital live image feed by all who participate in the exhibition, running for the entire Biennale summer – a constant, autonomous flow without pause or turning back.

The installation is organized around a rotating square-within-a-square.  The ensuing discontinuity creates a paradox, filled by accumulation, correlations and sequential voids.  Different points and modules align with either of the two squares, on the bays or protrusions created by the rotation.

Our collective project remains in a constant state of becoming, its readings changing along the different tracks of the audience.  The project’s points and modules collide, unite or set themselves apart as they encounter the Biennale’s constituent states, between the optimism of the will and the pessimism of the intellect.

© Depression Era | urbanautica Greece

MATEUSZ PALKA. OBSESSION

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BY KRZYSZTOF SIENKIEWICZ

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© Mateusz Palka, Epitaph

Why photography? How has it all started for you?

Mateusz Palka (MP) - Relatively early, as a teenager, I started walking about the city with my Grandfather’s Soviet SLR camera. Its brand „Start” turned out to be prophetic. My thinking has always been focused on the past; categories such as memory and trace were important for me. I noticed quite fast that photography enables one to experience reality in a very different way, as it ruins the chronology of time. Photography enabled me to think of time in terms of space and this strong relation with matter remained fascinating for me all this time. Only after some time I realized how meager this language is.

What kind of a photographer are you? Tell us how do you use photography, what are you looking for while using this medium?

MP - I don’t want it to sound like a simple psychological formula, but to photograph consciously means to learn about ourselves. Apart from that I believe that visual reality needs a key that enables us to decipher it. Even though photography is a bit clumsy and helpless, it makes sense to try to establish a relation with the world through it. Especially if thanks to that photography will not give us too many answers, but will help us in formulating new questions.

In modern times, while living with illusions, too many things appear to be too obvious for us. I’m looking for photography that will enable me to confront with the world. That will knock me out of the secure aesthetics, oblivion, banality and infatuation. The attitude of photography towards the reality is quite ruthless, but in fact only because of this indifference in terms of wider context one can see sharper and clearer.

Furthermore, there is a number of cultural codes present in photography that appear in aesthetics, convention of representation and metaphors. That enables us to look back on our culture from a distance.

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© Mateusz Palka, ‘Open’, 2013-14

In your series ‘Obsession’ you focus on the influence that the newly built skyscraper called ‘Sky Tower’ has on the landscape of the city Wrocław. Your photographs constitute a careful, methodical observation. Has this building become an obsession for you or there is something obsessive in its history that you noticed?

MP - In the context of rather low buildings of Wrocław this skyscraper looks ridiculous and expresses unrestrained need to build upwards no matter how the surrounding looks like. Obviously vertical symbolism is deeply rooted in culture, yet this uncompromising attitude in Sky Tower’s case is simply shocking and painful as well.

‘Obsession’ is a documentary project. I decided to use monochromatic aesthetic in order to better underline shapes of photographed architecture without referring to, often anecdotic, color. I wanted to evoke a feeling of additional distance towards the observed reality, although you might guess I treat this subject in a rather emotional manner. In fact I can openly say that “Obsession” emerged out of my concern for the city I live in.

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© Mateusz Palka, ‘Obsession’

I still refer to this series as a project, as it is not finished. I am still able to find interesting places, mainly in the suburbs, where streets, pavements and simple paths are crowned by this only one in town skyscraper. In my opinion this is one of the most important changes in the architecture of Wrocław that happened after the War. But it is not only about urban planning – this change affected citizens’ mentality, as it created a primary referring point it the topography of the city and, finally, it generated its new center.

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© Mateusz Palka, ‘Obsession’

‘New Center’ – that sounds pretty serious in case of a city as big as Wrocław.

MP - Yet the most important things happen in a much less spectacular way, at the end of the streets. The ones that haven’t had any particular, visual end so far, lead to the very same place now.

The presence of this skyscraper causes an ambiguous situation. On one hand it is omnipresent, omni-visible and because of that it visually haunts visitors and citizens. On the other hand it expresses investor’s delusions of grandeur. This is a true obsession…

At the opening of the exhibition in the gallery “Entropia” in Wrocław somebody asked if I was inspired by “6 metres avant Paris” by Eustachy Kossakowski from 1971. For sure this is a very interesting project that demythologizes this iconic city, but I think my photographs are much more autonomous, while Kossakowski’s ones are meant to constitute a coherent whole. I prefer trails in painting such as “36 views of Mount Fuji” by both Hokusai and Hiroshige.

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Utagawa Hiroshige,  #6 Ryogoku, #25 Fuji on the left of the Tōkaidō Road © Licensed under creative commons

The meaning of Mount Fuji presented on these 19th-century woodblock prints was however sacred…

… but also based on the concept of time. Fuji symbolized eternality and stability, which was compared with limited and variable human time. The mountain is in fact an active volcano, so the relationship with it had to be ambivalent – built on fear and worship at the same time. Anyway, to see means to confront with reality. And we still do so today.

The photographic exhibition of ‘Obsession’ in Entropia Gallery was accompanied by poems that you composed. What are they about? How were they created?

MP - The subject of ‘Obsession’ was an aggressive architecture that dominates a big city, so my thinking was also directed towards other, often very similar, examples. The mentioned by you textual compositions are called “poetry” by me in a bit ironic way. They consist entirely of quoted archival either extremely negative or exalted positive statements about three objects: Eiffel Tower, Palace of Culture and Science in Warsaw and Sky Tower in Wrocław. Among authors of these statements one can find poets, writers, architects and sometimes completely random people. These three pieces show how from veiled, full of sophisticated metaphors language of criticism, through language full of political ideology, we reached a rather simple and often pretentious language today.

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© Mateusz Palka, ‘Obsession’, Entropia Gallery

What is, in your opinion, the connection between Sky Tower nad Palace of Culture and Science in Warsaw?

MP - I perceive the decision to build the Sky Tower in Wrocław in terms of politics – this is a visual manifestation of power and money. In this sense there is a significant resemblance to the Palace of Culture and Science in Warsaw that was built by communist authorities in the 50s. Despite different realities of political system and a clear contradiction with the doctrine - there was a cult of personality in countries of Eastern Bloc, so the government needed a self-assertion in the patos and greatness of architecture. Classicizing and conservative style fitted perfectly for that purpose. Therefore functions of these buildings have similar background – symbolic power over the city and its citizens.

I gave the exhibition a motto from Michelet: «Each epoch dreams its successor». We live a dream of the future, which unnoticeably turns into the past.

Just recently you have finished a project with Maciej Herman about one of the faculty libraries at the University of Wrocław. This project is very cameral in form, but very deep in meaning. Tell us more about it.

MP - The goal of our series ‘The Library – a multiple portrait’ was to take a look at a particular, small society. Members of this society work in a place, which on one hand has a huge meaning for the culture and on the other hand raises many questions. As every archive, a library is based on a decision made beforehand about what and what not to include in its collection. In result, it sets social normative order of things important and those negligable from the scientifc and knowledge of culture point of view. From this standpoint a library may be perceived as a mirror of culture. We are interested how will libraries be functioning in the future. How to save the cultural heritage? What is, in fact, a cultural heritage? What is culture – this is yet another thing worth asking. While working on the series one of the workers died. We didn’t  manage to take a picture of him. We were only able to photograph the desk he left. Because of that this project is also about life and death…

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© Mateusz Palka, ‘The Library – a multiple portrait’

You have just started working on a project entitled ‘Negotiations’. This time, in contradiction to your previous series, you exploit color photography. Could you tell us what is this project about?

MP - The series that I started this year is devoted to the presence of prewar bunkers in Wrocław. These formerly German constructions often come from the first decade of the 20th century. They co-create the character of the city in a very strong, often unnoticeable way through their influence on the housing. Buildings have to adjust to these bunkers, they need to negotiate their place. These massive constructions, with which no one really knows what to do, shape the multicultural identity of Wrocław. I photograph them, just like every other mentioned in this interview cycle, with a large format 4x5” camera. Yet this time the pictures are in color. In private I call these constructions: “a subcutaneous layer of the city”.

I also work on another series about the architecture of power, justice and punishment. Architecture which has its practical rules but also aesthetics. There are prisons and arrests in Poland located in prewar German buildings. And that is somehow confusing.

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© Mateusz Palka, Negotiations, 2015

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© Mateusz Palka, Negotiations, 2015

Who or what inspires you? On what kind of photographs do you like to look at?

MP - The kind of photography that is important for me is the one that shows cracks in reality and its ambigiuity. I like to feel that the man, who stood behind the camera, had an intense relationship with the world. Photographic medium still requires redifining, especially in times of an overflow of images and digital photography. Photography can tell us things, which we are scared to hear on a daily basis or things we cannot express with words. Finally, it may sometimes speak for the ones who have no voice.

I admire Chris Killip for his technically perfect and socially engaged photographs, Jeff Wall for his sophisticated imagery, Hiroshi Sugimoto for his philosophy and attitude towards history, Joel-Peter Witkin for the way he presents matter and connects elements of life and death. Furthermore, I truly appreciate Bogdan Konopka for his wise and humanistic attitude towards photography, Josef Sudek for the fact that he remained an individualist, Brassaï for his dark mysteries, Roman Vishniak for uncompromised bravery and presentiment, August Sander for perfect portraits and Josef Koudela for his independence. Color photographs from the early 20th century taken by Siergiej Produkin-Gorsky fascinate me. I cherish Eva Rubinstine for her unusual sensitivity…

Probably photographers are not the only source of inspiration for your work.

MP - Obviously everyone has his or her own masters, but for me an equally important role play literature, music, theater and somehow it all goes along pretty well. Early Leonard Cohen had a great influence on me, as well as bands such as Nurse with Wound, Coil or recently uncompromising, brutal and hypnotically analitical Shellac. A huge inspiration for me was Walter Benjamin and his never directly specified theory of allegory, conception of language and philosophy of history. I think that equally important is the place where we grew up and where we live. Wrocław has a very rich, but complicated history that helps in releasing sensitivity. In the end photography is an art of looking and interpreting the world.

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© Mateusz Palka, Wrocław, 2011

What do you think about Polish photography scene?

MP - We have a lot of great photographers. Some of them chose to emigrate because of political, economical or relationship-based reasons… However, I have the impression that in Poland we still haven’t coped with defining photography as an art. There is a significant division into usable photography (in polish: fotografia) and quite ephemeral, artistic photography (fotografika). The latter one still cannot reach a wider audience. Meanwhile there is only one photography. It has its own language and just like any other art it is entangled in many aesthetic processes, relations to the world or conventions of representation. Out of respect to recipients one should think of them more often. On the other hand we often lack visual education. Nevertheless, visual education doesn’t come from thin air and we will have to work on it for decades. I console myself that these problems are universal.

© Mateusz Palka | urbanautica Poland

FOTOGRAFIA FUTURISTA

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Galleria Carla Sozzani, Milano
11.06.2015 - 01.11.2015

© Maggiorino Gramaglia, Spettralizzazione dell'Io, 1931, Museo Nazionale del Cinema, Torino, courtesy Galleria Carla Sozzani, Milano

On the occasion of its twenty-fifth anniversary, the Carla Sozzani Gallery presents “Fotografia Futurista” curated by Giovanni Lista. The exhibition explores, through the arc of half a century, the way in which the futurists took possession of the photographic language as a medium to capture the pulse of life in this new century, and to transmute “natural” reality into a process of active creation and evolution.

Over one hundred original photographs from both private collections and National Trusts: Archivio Francesco Trombadori, Rome; Collezione Giorgio Grillo, Florence; Fondazione 3M, Milan; Fondazione Torino Musei, Turin; Fondo Francesco Negri, Casale Monferrato; Fondo Italo Bertoglio, Turin; Foto Studio Pedrotti, Bolzano; Gabinetto Fotografico Nazionale, Rome (ICCD-MiBACT); Galleria Civica di Modena, MART – Museo di Arte Moderna e Contemporanea di Trento e Rovereto; Museo Nazionale del Cinema di Torino; Raccolte Museali Fratelli Alinari (RMFA), Florence; Touring Club Italiano, Milan.

Divided into four sections, from the destruction of the mimicry of nature, to the innovative research of the Twenties and Thirties, the exhibition "Futurist Photography” includes the formalized photodynamism of the Bragaglia’ brothers, many portraits of Depero, photomontages by Tato, and even photo-performance. In tune with the best European avant-garde revolutions, futurist works explored  liberal and eccentric tastes, the hyperbole of grand visions and ideas well outside of the canons of bourgeois society.

© Fortunato Depero, (on the left) ‘Autoritratto con sigaretta’, 1915, photo performance, graphic intervention; (on the right) Autoritratto con pugno, Roma 1915, foto performance Mart, Archivio del 900, Fondo Fortunato Depero, courtesy Galleria Carla Sozzani, Milano

The first section documents the early years. The Twentieth century exposed the illusion of the “natural” images, presenting them as the artifical creations they were. Images no longer reflected nature, but were built in the studio: even the so-called “spiritualist photos” were very often deliberately ironic and openly displayed for amusement. Futurists doubled or split images to capture a sequence, to freeze movement.  This formal scanning highlighted the functional reality and placed the  focus on the abstract rhythm of light or lines. Multiple portraits were done within a mirrored room or as photomontage with a fantastical or humorous view; a view that Umberto Boccioni immediately saw as an image of the ontological multiplicity of the being which will be reflected in Luigi Pirandello’ s complex novels some time later.

The second section is devoted to the most significant contribution of futurism to the history of photography: the invention of the “Fotodinamismo”, or the photograph of movement as energy in place. The brothers Anton Giulio and Arturo Bragaglia explored the capacity to fix a sudden gesture in terms of pure energy that transcended the body.  The Bragaglia brothers sensed the opportunity to capture the light trail drawn by a moving body as a deep verification of a spiritual reality and as the manifestation of the life force that inhabits matter.

© Fratelli Bragaglia, Giovane che si dondola, photodynamic portrait, 1912, Fondazione Primo Conti, Fiesole, Fondo Sanminiatelli, Corrispondenza Bragaglia Sanminiatelli, courtesy Galleria Carla Sozzani, Milano

© Gustavo Bonaventura, Photodynamic portrait of Anton Giulio Bragaglia, 1913, private collection, courtesy Galleria Carla Sozzani, Milano

The photographic portrait is represented in the third section as a vehicle for futurist communication but also as a chance to re-invent the emblematic image of themselves as avant-garde artists. Compensating for the passive recording of reality by the mechanical process of the camera, some futurists invented the photo-performance in which they delivered histrionic or clownlike self-mocking images of themselves.

The fourth section is devoted to the research of the Twenties and Thirties.  At this time the Futurists completely agreed with the best European avant-garde ideas and acted as a visual and intellectual irritant to the growing “fascist culture”. The photomontage, the photo-collage, the composition of objects, the play of light and the use of mirrors, the theater of shadows, the esoteric symbologies, all the mysterious and allusive images and paradoxical ideas were clearly outside of the Fascist regime’s iconography.

© (from the left): Italo Bertoglio, Gasometro, 1932, Fondo Italo Bertoglio, Torino; Elio Luxardo, Scarpa,1940, Archivio Fotografico Fondazione 3M, Milano; Piero Boccardi, Dalla luce alle tenebre, 1931, fotomontaggio, Coll Giorgio Grillo, Firenze, courtesy Galleria Carla Sozzani, Milano

© Italo Bertoglio, Velocita, 1930, Fondo Italo Bertoglio, Torino, courtesy Galleria Carla Sozzani, Milano

On show the selected photos from thirty-one authors from the early Twentieth century until the end of the Forties: Vittorio Alinari (Florence, 1859/Livorno, 1932); Mario Bellusi (Ferrara, 1893/Rome,1955); Francesco Benvenuti (Florence, 1863/Viareggio, 1919); Italo Bertoglio (Turin, 1871/1963), Piero Luigi Boccardi (Intra, 1890/Turin, 1971); Umberto Boccioni (Reggio di Calabria,1882/Verona, 1916); Gustavo Ettore Bonaventura (Verona, 1882/Rome, 1966); Anton Giulio Bragaglia (Frosinone, 1890/Rome, 1962) e Arturo Bragaglia (Frosinone, 1893/Rome, 1962); Mario Castagneri (Alexandria, 1892/ Milan, 1940); Gianni Croce (Lodi, 1896/Piacenza, 1981); Tito D’Alessandri (Rome, 1864/1942); Ferruccio Antonio Demanins (Trieste, 1903/1944); Fortunato Depero (Fondo, 1892/Rovereto, 1960); Mario Gabinio (Turin, 1871/1938); Maggiorino Gramaglia (Turin, 1895/1971); Giovanni Giuseppe Guarnieri (Locorotondo, 1892/Mendoza, 1976); Emanuele Lomiry (Ancona, 1902/Rome, 1988); Elio Luxardo (Sorocaba, 1908/Milan,1969); Carlo Maiorana; Filippo Masoero (Milan, 1894/Rome, 1969); Bruno Munari (Badia, 1907/ Milan, 1998); Francesco Negri (Tromello in Lomellina, 1841/Casale Monferrato, 1924); Mario Nunes Vais (Florence 1856/1932); Ivo Pacetti (Figline 1901/Albissola, 1970); Giulio Parisio (Naples, 1891/1967); Enrico Pedrotti (Trento, 1905/Bolzano, 1965); Guido Pellegrini (Milan, 1886/1955); Tato alias Guglielmo Sansoni (Bologna, 1896/Rome, 1974); Thayaht alias Ernesto Michahelles (Florence, 1893/Marina di Pietrasanta, 1959; Enrico Unterveger (Trento, 1876/1959); Wanda Wulz (Trieste, 1903/1984).

The exhibition catalogue, “Fotografia Futurista” curated by Giovanni Lista and published by Carla Sozzani Editore, will brought together the photographic research and the new visual codes enabling to better understand the Futurists and their enduring influence.

© Galleria Carla Sozzani | urbanautica Italy

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